MODULE 1A.2: Carbohydrate and Lipid Chemistry Flashcards
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n
TRUE OR FALSE.
Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of all animals.
FALSE. Ruminant animals are exceptions.
How much kilocalories can be produced from 1 gram of digestible carbohydrates?
4 kcal
What is the composition of milk?
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
In excess, glucose is converted into its storage form __________.
Glycogen
What happens to excess carbohydrates?
Converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue
Which complex structures of carbohydrates are involved in cell-to-cell recognition?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
Carbohydrate-binding protein that mediates cell adhesion
Lectin
Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Identify the number of carbons in each classification of carbohydrates:
1) Monosaccharide
2) Disaccharide
3) Oligosaccharide
4) Polysaccharide
1) 3-7 carbons
2) 2 monosaccharides
3) 3-10 monosaccharides
4) >10 monosaccharides
What is the process of disaccharide formation and what is the bond formed?
Condensation; Glycosidic bond
Substances consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
Polymer
Identify the following functional groups:
1) R-CO-R
2) R-CO-H
3) C=O
4) -COOH
1) Ketone
2) Aldehyde
3) Carbonyl group
4) Carboxyl group
Monosaccharides that serve as intermediates in glycolysis
Dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde
Enumerate the classification of monosaccharides according to the number of carbons they contain.
1) Triose - 3 carbons
2) Tetrose - 4 carbons
3) Pentose - 5 carbons
4) Hexose - 6 carbons
5) Heptose - 7 carbons
How are the atoms attached to an asymmetric carbon?
Covalent bonding
In Haworth projections, what does it mean when a bond is bold or thickened?
It is the bond nearest to the viewer.
What is the angle and shape of a monosaccharide?
109.5 degrees; tetrahedral
Same molecular formula, different in the order of attachment of atoms
Constitutional Isomers
Formed when hemiacetals or hemiketals react with a hydroyl group
Acetal and water
Monosaccharides with a carboxyl group
Sugar (uronic) acids
Formed when the carbonyl group of aldoses and ketoses is reduced to an alcohol
Sugar alcohol
Formed when one or more hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced by hydrogen
Deoxy sugar
Isomer wherein the atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement
Stereoisomer
Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other
Enantiomer
Isomer that are not at all mirror images of each other
Diastereoisomer
Isomers that differ in one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
Epimer
Differ in a new asymmetric carbon atom or the anomeric carbon that is formed on link closure
Anomer
