MODULE 15: ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE MIND PART 1 Flashcards
IDEA ABOUT SOMETHING that provides a means of understanding the world.
CONCEPT ✨️
GROUP OF ITEMS into which different objects or concepts can be placed that BELONG TOGETHER BECAUSE THEY SHARE SOME COMMON FEATURES, or they are “SIMILAR TO A CERTAIN PROTOTYPE” (IN GENERAL)
CATEGORY ✨️
Groupings that OCCUR NATURALLY in the world, like birds or trees.
NATURAL CATEGORIES ✨️
Groupings that are designed or invented by humans to serve particular purposes or functions.
ARTIFACT CATEGORIES ✨️
They are DESCRIBED NOT IN WORDS BUT IN PHRASES.
“THINGS YOU CAN WRITE ON”
AD HOC CATEGORIES ✨️
common among linguist (those who study language). This view is attractive because it makes categories appear so orderly and systematic.
FEATURE BASED VIEW ✨️
Has some attractive features, but it does not give a complete account of categories.
FEATURE-BASE THEORY ✨️
takes a different approach: Grouping things together NOT BY THEIR DEFINING FEATURES “BUT” RATHER BY THEIR SIMILARITY TO AN AVERAGED MODEL OF THE CATEGORY.
PROTOTYPE THEORY ✨️
an ABSTRACT AVERAGE of all the objects in the category we have encountered.
PROTOTYPE ✨️
Crucial are _______________ which describe the prototype but are not necessary for it.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES ✨️
categories that can readily define through defining features, such as bachelor.
CLASSICAL CATEGORIES ✨️
categories that cannot be so easily define, such as game or death.
FUZZY CONCEPTS ✨️
typical representativeof a category.
EXAMPLARS ✨️
recent theory, suggest that prototypes and examplarsare just two extremes on a continuum of abstraction.
VARYING ABSTRACTION MODEL (VAM) 6✨️
refers to the defining features something must have to be considered an exampe of a category.
CORE ✨️
It suggest that PROTOTYPES & EXAMPLARS are just the TWO EXTREMES on a continuum of abstraction.
According to this theory, most of the time we use not just one abstract prototype nor large number of concrete examplars for categorization.
THEORY BASED VIEW OF CATEGORIZATION✨️
This view holds that certain categories, such as those of “lion” or “female” have an underlying reality that cannot be observed directly.
ESSENTIALISM ✨️
suggest that knowledge is represented in our minds in the form of concepts that are connected with each other in a WEB-LIKE FORM.
SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS ✨️
a WEB OF ELEMENTS OF MEANINGS (nodes) that are connected with each other through links.
SEMANTIC NETWORK ✨️
The elements are called _____ ; they are typically concepts.
NODES ✨️
The connections between the nodes are ________.
LABELED RELATIONSHIPS ✨️
An alternative theory is that knowledge is organized based on a comparison of semantic features, rather than on a strict hierarchy of concepts.
COMPARING SEMANTIC FEATURES ✨️
Have several characteristics that ensure wide flexibility in their use, also can include information about relationships.
SCHEMAS ✨️
Contains information about the particular order in which things occur.
SCRIPTS ✨️
You would try to isolate features of a good sport.
COMPONENTIAL VIEW
You would try to find characteristic feature of a good sport.
PROTOTYPE VIEW ✨️
You might try to find some good examples you have known in your life.
EXAMPLAR VIEW ✨️
Ypu would use your experience to construct an explanation for what makes someone a good sport.
THEORY-BASED VIEW ✨️
THEORY BASED VIEW OF CATEGORIZATION;
》 COMPONENTIAL VIEW
》 PROTOTYPE VIEW
》 EXAMPLAR VIEW
》 THEORY-BASED VIEW
