Module 15

Question 1

1b define: Vaccine

Answer 1

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body’s production of antibodies that can destroy the pathogen.

Question 2

1c define: Hormone

Answer 2

A chemical messenger released into the bloodstream that sends signals to distant cells, causing them to change their behavior in specific ways.

Question 3

2 Describe the main function of each of the three systems you studies in this module.

Answer 3

The lymphatic system fights disease. The urinary system regulates water balance and chemical levels in the blood. The endocrine system controls various functions by releasing hormones.

Question 4

3 What two kinds of basic structures make up the lymphatic system? In which of these structures is the lymph actually cleaned?

Answer 4

Lymph vessels and lymph nodes

Lymph nodes

Question 5

4 How does the lymph get pumped throughout the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

The contraction of certain muscles squeezes the lymph vessels, pumping lymph throughout the system.

Question 6

5 What gland produces tears? What two purposes do tears serve?

Answer 6

The lacrimal glands produce tears. Tears clean the eye of contaminants and provide a chemical relief for sadness.

Question 7

6 What three kinds of cells in the lymph nodes fight infection?

Answer 7

T-cells, b-cells, and macrophages

Question 8

7 What kind of cell in the lymph nodes produces antibodies?

Answer 8

B-cells

Question 9

8 What kind of cell helps the lymphatic system “remember” an infection so that it can fight the infection better next time.

Answer 9

Memory b-cells

Question 10

9 Does it do any good to take a vaccine once you are sick with the disease the vaccine is supposed to fight?

Answer 10

It does little good.

Question 11

10 Explain how a kidney functions. Start with the blood going into a kidney and end with it leaving the kidney

Answer 11

Blood enters the kidney via the Renal artery. It is filtered to stop the cells and proteins from getting into the nephron. The water and chemicals are dumped into the nephron, as they travel, cells absorb specific amounts of water and chemicals that then get put back into the blood. Any water and chemicals left over get sent to the renal pelvis and out of the kidney. The cleaned blood leaves through the renal vein.

Question 12

11 What does a kidney do with any excess water or chemicals? Where do they go?

Answer 12

Excess water and chemicals are dumped into the renal pelvis and then travel through the ureter to the bladder. Eventually, they leave the body through the urethra.

Question 13

12 What is the purpose of dialysis?

Answer 13

Dialysis is the process by which a person is hooked up to an artificial kidney when his own kidneys are not functioning properly.

Question 14

13 Match: hypothalamus

Answer 14

d controls the pituitary gland

Question 15

14 Match: thyroid

Answer 15

a produces hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate

Question 16

15 Match: parathyroids

Answer 16

g produces a hormone that destroys bone to release calcium

Question 17

16 match: pituitary

Answer 17

e produces hormones that control many of the endocrine glands

Question 18

17 match: adrenal

Answer 18

b produces cortisol, which causes the liver to release glucose into the blood

Question 19

18 match: pancreas

Answer 19

c produces insulin, which enables glucose to enter the cells

Question 20

19 match: thymus

Answer 20

f produces a hormone that stimulates the production of t-cells

Question 21

20 Which gland is often called the “master endocrine gland”?

Answer 21

pituitary gland

Question 22

1Define: Gland

Answer 22

A group of cells that prepare and release a chemical for use by the body.