Module 15 Flashcards
Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood levels of glucose
Diabetes
Normally, blood glucose is efficiently reasborbed in the ________ tubule, so it is not found in the urine.
However, in diabetes, blood glucose rises so high that the transporters that reasborb it are ________ and significant amounts of glucose are found in the urine
proximal
saturated
High blood sugar in diabetes is due to one of two things? What are they?
Insulin resistance (Type II) Lack of insulin production (type I)
What are the classic signs of diabetes?
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polydipsia - increased thirst
Polyphagia - increased hunger
Insulin is a _______ _______ synthesized by the ___ cells of the ______ __ _________ of the pancreas.
peptide hormone
Beta cells
Islets of Langerhans
When insulin is secreted, it causes glucose uptake into these cells.
In the liver and muscle, glucose is converted to ________.
In muscle cells, glucose uptake promotes _______ synthesis.
In fat cells, insulin causes increased synthesis of ______ _____, resulting in increased _________ synthesis.
liver, muscle and fat cells
Glycogen
Protein
fatty acids, triglycerides
Extracellular _______ is important in the action of insulin as it helps insulin drive glucose into the cell.
Potassium
Insulin-dependent DM
non-insulin dependent DM
Diabetes that occurs in pregnancy
Type I
Type II
Gestational diabetes
There is a larger proportion of Type ___ diabetics.
II
Type I diabetes is usually diagnosed at this age.
Children/adolescents; symptoms may not appear until early adulthood
Type 1 diabetes is caused by an _________ reaction where the body’s own immune cells attack and destroy these cells.
autoimmune
Beta cells
Type I diabetes is not ________ and is not caused by eating too much sugar.
preventable
In type II diabetes, the pancreas makes _______ insulin, however, the insulin produced is ______ to use.
Over the course of the disease, insulin production may ________.
sufficient
resistant
decrease
Type II diabetes was typically diagnosed _____ in life, but there is trend towards ______ people getting the disease.
later
younger
Diabetes that first starts in pregnancy - women who have never had diabetes before begin to have elevated levels of glucose in pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Usually, gestational diabetes begins at this time point.
Halfway through pregnancy
Usually, ______ and ______ are sufficient to keep blood glucose within normal ranges during gestational diabetes.
diet and exercise
Pregnant women with gestational diabetes tend to have ______ babies and babies with ________ in the first few days of life.
larger
hypoglycemia
After birth, the blood sugar of the mother usually returns to normal, however, what is usually done?
Blood glucose is continually monitored as many patients develop diabetes later (5-10 years) in life.
Most common cause of blindness in people under the age of 65.
diabetic retinopathy
Describe how diabetes can lead to retinopathy and what should be done.
Hyperglycemia causes damage to retinal capillaries.
Patients should control blood sugar and get an eye exam every year
Diabetic nephropathy can lead to chronic ________ disease.
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by _________, decreased ________ ______ and increased ________ ________.
kidney
proteinuria
glomerular filtration
blood pressure
_________ is the earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy.
Proteinuria
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes
diabetic nephropathy
