module 15

Question 1

obligatory errors : ___ :: optional / learned errors : ___

Answer 1

passive; active

Question 2

describe obligatory errors

Answer 2

they are passive errors due to structural / neurogenic problems; require physical management

Question 3

describe optional / learned errors

Answer 3

they are active-habituated errors due to early mislearning; exist despite adequate velopharyngeal closure; require much speech remediation

Question 4

list the sources of early velopharyngeal mislearning

Answer 4

deficient velopharyngeal valve; absent OR structurally aberrant bony partition; hearing loss 2^0 MEE

Question 5

cleft palate speech includes deviations in ___ (4)

Answer 5

resonance; nasal air emission; air pressure; articulation

Question 6

re: cleft palate speech deviations

resonance : leads to ___ :: articulation : leads to ___

Answer 6

hypernasality; maladaptive compensatory misarticulations

Question 7

re: cleft palate speech deviations

___ : leads to nasal air emission :: air pressure : leads to ___

Answer 7

airflow; weak oral pressures / weak pressure consonants

Question 8

speech deviations in resonance, nasal air emission, air pressure, and articulation all occur because ___

Answer 8

of the cleft palate condition

Question 9

changes in resonance primarily affects ___

Answer 9

vowels and vocalic consonants (glides-liquids and oral sonorants)

Question 10

describe hypernasality; what are its potential causes in cleft palate speakers?

Answer 10

it is a resonance distortion resulting from abnormal coupling of the oral and nasal cavities; in cleft palate speakers, it is USUALLY DUE TO persisting velopharyngeal insufficiency and oronasal fistulas

Question 11

describe hyponasality

Answer 11

too little nasal resonance; cold-in-the-head sound; affects vowels, sonorants, and nasal consonants; can perceptually mask a VPI

Question 12

describe mixed nasality

Answer 12

has elements of both hypo- and hyper- nasality; increased nasal cavity resistance

Question 13

describe cul-de-sac resonance

Answer 13

sound is trapped by anterior nasal cavity constriction, for example, a deviated septum

Question 14

what is nasal air emission (NAE)?

Answer 14

airflow deviation characterized by speech airflow and emission through the nose; also, inappropriate / abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities

Question 15

in nasal air emission, where may coupling of the oral and nasal cavities occur?

Answer 15

at the velopharyngeal port due to a true VPI or to mislearning OR at the oral cavity due to a fistula

Question 16

which sounds does nasal air emission primarily affect?

Answer 16

high pressure consonants; obstruent consonants

Question 17

re: nasal air emission dichotomies

NAE can be audible or ___ (___)
NAE can be obligatory or ___ (___)
NAE can be turbulent or ___

Answer 17

inaudible (visible); learned (active); nonturbulent

Question 18

re: audible NAE

turbulent : ___ :: non turbulent : nasal emission is audible but not turbulent

Answer 18

nasal snorting sound

Question 19

what kind of nasal air emission is not perceptually disruptive to speech but can be a sign of velopharyngeal inadequacy?

Answer 19

inaudible NAE

Question 20

what kind of nasal air emission tends to co-occur with high pressure consonants?

Answer 20

audible NAE

Question 21

describe the two patterns of LEARNED nasal air emission

Answer 21

phoneme-specific nasal emission (PSNE) OR persisting post-operative nasal emission

Question 22

describe phoneme specific nasal emission

Answer 22

aka sound-specific nasal emission; it is nasal emission that is SELECTIVE (either affects certain pressure consonants or affects other pressure consonants that use normal-oral airflow)

Question 23

what kind of nasal air emission is described by the following:

can be realized as a nasal fricative; no association with hyper nasality; remediated through speech therapy; vulnerable sounds: /s, z, esh, etch, edge/

Answer 23

phoneme specific nasal emission (PSNE)

Question 24

phoneme specific nasal emission primarily occurs in ___

Answer 24

the non cleft population (individuals with normal velopharyngeal closure ability)

Question 25

describe persisting post-operative nasal emission

Answer 25

nasal emission that persists in repaired cleft palate speakers who can physiologically attain closure; no restrictions to sounds / sound groups; perceptually realized as a coproduced nasal emission or a nasal fricative

Question 26

list the causes of weak pressure consonants

Answer 26

generally, results from reduced oral pressures; due to abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities

Question 27

weak pressure consonants are described as ___

Answer 27

reduced-eliminated plosive quality; when severe, nasals often substitute oral stops

Question 28

describe compensatory misarticulations (CMAs)

Answer 28

learned articulatory deviations; substitution errors in place of articulation; predominantly post uvular (backed) articulatory placements; may exist even when closure is adequate

Question 29

what is described by the following:

predominantly errors of place; tend to be backed and below the defect causing VPI

Answer 29

compensatory misarticulations (CMAs)

Question 30

how are the following CMAs produced:

glottal stop; pharyngeal stop; mid-dorsum palatal stop

Answer 30

glottal : substitutes with pressure consonants (usually stops) :: pharyngeal : substitutes with /k, g/ :: mid-dorsum palatal : substitutes with /t, d, k, g/

Question 31

how are the following CMAs produced:

pharyngeal fricative; pharyngeal affricate

Answer 31

pharyngeal fric : substitutes with sibilant fricatives or oral affricates :: pharyngeal affric : substitutes with oral affricate

Question 32

how are the following CMAs produced:

postnasal fricative; nasal fricative

Answer 32

postnasal fric : substitutes snort with any pressure consonant :: nasal fric : substitutes with sibilant fricatives or oral stops

Question 33

describe adaptive oral misarticulations

Answer 33

caused by oral structure deviations (dental occlusal, lip incompetency); are obligatory; more common in cleft lip with or without cleft palate

Question 34

what is the impact of VPI on phonation?

Answer 34

vocal abuse (hoarseness, vocal nodules) due to compensatory vocal fold valving; soft voice syndrome (compensatory strategy where the cleft palate speaker speaks softly to disguise hyper nasality and nasal emission)