module 15 Flashcards
obligatory errors : ___ :: optional / learned errors : ___
passive; active
describe obligatory errors
they are passive errors due to structural / neurogenic problems; require physical management
describe optional / learned errors
they are active-habituated errors due to early mislearning; exist despite adequate velopharyngeal closure; require much speech remediation
list the sources of early velopharyngeal mislearning
deficient velopharyngeal valve; absent OR structurally aberrant bony partition; hearing loss 2^0 MEE
cleft palate speech includes deviations in ___ (4)
resonance; nasal air emission; air pressure; articulation
re: cleft palate speech deviations
resonance : leads to ___ :: articulation : leads to ___
hypernasality; maladaptive compensatory misarticulations
re: cleft palate speech deviations
___ : leads to nasal air emission :: air pressure : leads to ___
airflow; weak oral pressures / weak pressure consonants
speech deviations in resonance, nasal air emission, air pressure, and articulation all occur because ___
of the cleft palate condition
changes in resonance primarily affects ___
vowels and vocalic consonants (glides-liquids and oral sonorants)
describe hypernasality; what are its potential causes in cleft palate speakers?
it is a resonance distortion resulting from abnormal coupling of the oral and nasal cavities; in cleft palate speakers, it is USUALLY DUE TO persisting velopharyngeal insufficiency and oronasal fistulas
describe hyponasality
too little nasal resonance; cold-in-the-head sound; affects vowels, sonorants, and nasal consonants; can perceptually mask a VPI
describe mixed nasality
has elements of both hypo- and hyper- nasality; increased nasal cavity resistance
describe cul-de-sac resonance
sound is trapped by anterior nasal cavity constriction, for example, a deviated septum
what is nasal air emission (NAE)?
airflow deviation characterized by speech airflow and emission through the nose; also, inappropriate / abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities
in nasal air emission, where may coupling of the oral and nasal cavities occur?
at the velopharyngeal port due to a true VPI or to mislearning OR at the oral cavity due to a fistula
which sounds does nasal air emission primarily affect?
high pressure consonants; obstruent consonants
re: nasal air emission dichotomies
NAE can be audible or ___ (___)
NAE can be obligatory or ___ (___)
NAE can be turbulent or ___
inaudible (visible); learned (active); nonturbulent
re: audible NAE
turbulent : ___ :: non turbulent : nasal emission is audible but not turbulent
nasal snorting sound
what kind of nasal air emission is not perceptually disruptive to speech but can be a sign of velopharyngeal inadequacy?
inaudible NAE
what kind of nasal air emission tends to co-occur with high pressure consonants?
audible NAE
describe the two patterns of LEARNED nasal air emission
phoneme-specific nasal emission (PSNE) OR persisting post-operative nasal emission
describe phoneme specific nasal emission
aka sound-specific nasal emission; it is nasal emission that is SELECTIVE (either affects certain pressure consonants or affects other pressure consonants that use normal-oral airflow)
what kind of nasal air emission is described by the following:
can be realized as a nasal fricative; no association with hyper nasality; remediated through speech therapy; vulnerable sounds: /s, z, esh, etch, edge/
phoneme specific nasal emission (PSNE)
phoneme specific nasal emission primarily occurs in ___
the non cleft population (individuals with normal velopharyngeal closure ability)
describe persisting post-operative nasal emission
nasal emission that persists in repaired cleft palate speakers who can physiologically attain closure; no restrictions to sounds / sound groups; perceptually realized as a coproduced nasal emission or a nasal fricative
list the causes of weak pressure consonants
generally, results from reduced oral pressures; due to abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities
weak pressure consonants are described as ___
reduced-eliminated plosive quality; when severe, nasals often substitute oral stops
describe compensatory misarticulations (CMAs)
learned articulatory deviations; substitution errors in place of articulation; predominantly post uvular (backed) articulatory placements; may exist even when closure is adequate
what is described by the following:
predominantly errors of place; tend to be backed and below the defect causing VPI
compensatory misarticulations (CMAs)
how are the following CMAs produced:
glottal stop; pharyngeal stop; mid-dorsum palatal stop
glottal : substitutes with pressure consonants (usually stops) :: pharyngeal : substitutes with /k, g/ :: mid-dorsum palatal : substitutes with /t, d, k, g/
how are the following CMAs produced:
pharyngeal fricative; pharyngeal affricate
pharyngeal fric : substitutes with sibilant fricatives or oral affricates :: pharyngeal affric : substitutes with oral affricate
how are the following CMAs produced:
postnasal fricative; nasal fricative
postnasal fric : substitutes snort with any pressure consonant :: nasal fric : substitutes with sibilant fricatives or oral stops
describe adaptive oral misarticulations
caused by oral structure deviations (dental occlusal, lip incompetency); are obligatory; more common in cleft lip with or without cleft palate
what is the impact of VPI on phonation?
vocal abuse (hoarseness, vocal nodules) due to compensatory vocal fold valving; soft voice syndrome (compensatory strategy where the cleft palate speaker speaks softly to disguise hyper nasality and nasal emission)
