Module 15 Flashcards
Industrial Revolution
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.
enclosure
one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.
crop rotation
the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
industrialization
the development of industries for the machine production of goods. factors of production the resources—including land, labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods and services.
factory
a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.
Bessemer, Sir Henry (1813–1898)
British engineer who invented the Bessemer Process, a cheap way to mass-produce steel.
Urbanization
The growth of cities and the migration of people into them.
Middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.
Mass production
the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.
Interchangeable parts
identical machine-made parts, the use of which made factory work more efficient.
Assembly line
in a factory, an arrangement in which a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in its manufacture.
Division of labor
when one worker specializes in doing one task.
Specialization
an economic concept that refers to separating tasks in which people in a factory or company work at one kind of job and learn to do it well.
Economic interdependence
a situation where people rely on others to provide the goods and services they need.
