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A&P Exam 3 > Module 12 CNS > Flashcards

Module 12 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What body cavities is the CNS in

A

Dorsal cavities

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2
Q

What does the CNS develop from

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

Describe the neural tube

A

Fluid filled cavity enlarged at rostral end( anterior)

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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5
Q

What are the long names of the primary vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

How many secondary vesicles are there

A 
4
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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7
Q

When do secondary vesicles arise

A

Week 5 of embryonic development

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8
Q

What vesicles come from forebrain

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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9
Q

What vesicles come from hindbrain

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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10
Q

What primary vesicles remains undivided

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

What does telencephalon become

A

Cerebrum

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12
Q

What does diencephalon become

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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13
Q

What does mesencephalon become

A

Brain stem: midbrain

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14
Q

What does metencephalon become

A

Brain stem: pons

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What does myelencephalon become

A

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

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16
Q

Where do ventricles come from

A

Expansion of the lumen of the neural tube

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17
Q

What canal region does the telencephalon form

A

Lateral ventricles

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18
Q

What canal region does the diencephalon form

A

Third ventricle

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19
Q

What canal region does the mesencephalon form

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

What canal region do the metencephalon and myelencephalon form

A

Fourth ventricle

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21
Q

What determines the shape of adult brain

A

Space restrictions in the skull during development

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22
Q

What ventricles are paired

A

Lateral ventricles

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23
Q

Where do you find the fourth ventricle

A

Between the pons and cerebellum

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24
Q

What is the basic pattern of the spinal cord

A

Central canal surrounded by grey matter

External white matter- myelinated fiber tracts

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25
Q

What is the basic pattern of the brain

A

Similar to spinal cord with more grey matter In nuclei

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26
Q

What is the pattern of grey matter in the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Grey matter in scattered nuclei
Outer cortex
And inner grey matter

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27
Q

What is the largest area of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

What are some functions of the cerebrum

A

Conscious thought
All intellectual functions
Processing of somatic sensory and motor info

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29
Q

What is the cortex around the cerebrum called

A

Cerebral cortex

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30
Q

What are gyri

A

Ridges

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31
Q

What are sulci

A

Shallow grooves

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32
Q

What increases the surface area of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri and sulci

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33
Q

What separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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34
Q

What are the 2 cerebral hemispheres divided into

A

Lobes for areas of skull bones

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35
Q

What divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central sulcus

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36
Q

What divides the frontal and temporal lobes

A

Lateral sulcus

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37
Q

Where does the insula lie

A

Medial to the lateral sulcus

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38
Q

What seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parieto occipital sulcus

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39
Q

How many lobes is each hemisphere divided into and what are their names

A 
5
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
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40
Q

What are 3 main points to remember about the cerebral hemispheres

A
  1. Receives sensory info from and sends motor info to the opposite side
  2. Hemispheres have different functions
  3. Corresponds between specific function and specific region is imprecise
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41
Q

Conscious behavior involves what portion of the cerebral cortex

A

The whole cortex

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42
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Motor areas
Sensory areas
Association areas

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43
Q

What do motor areas control

A

Voluntary movement

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44
Q

What do sensory areas control

A

Conscious awareness of sensations

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45
Q

What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Central sulcus

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46
Q

What do association areas control

A

They integrate information, interpret data, coordinate response

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47
Q

What is the percentral gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex

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48
Q

How do neurons direct voluntary movements

A

By controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord

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49
Q

What does stimulating specific neurons in the primary motor cortex do

A

Generates contraction in specific skeletal muscles

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50
Q

What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cortex

A

The central sulcus

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51
Q

What is the post central gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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52
Q

What do neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex recieve

A

Somatic sensory info

Touch, pressure, pain, taste, temperature

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53
Q

Where is the visual cortex found

A

Occipital lobe

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54
Q

Where is the auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

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55
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

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56
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex

A

Insula lobe

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57
Q

What is the function of association areas

A

Interpret incoming data

Coordinate response

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58
Q

What areas of the cerebral cortex have association areas

A

Sensory and motor areas

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59
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association center

A

Monitor activity of primary somatosensory cortex

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60
Q

Example of somatosensory association center function

A

Allow you to perceive that a light touch is a mosquito

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61
Q

What is the speech center called

A

Broca’s area

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62
Q

Where is Broca’s area found

A

Usually only in left hemisphere

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63
Q

What does Broca’s area do

A

Directs muscles involved in speech production

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64
Q

What is the function of the visual association center

A

To monitor patterns in the visual cortex

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65
Q

What is an example function of the visual association center

A

You see specific letters when stimulation of receptors in your stimulate visual cortex
Association center recognizes these letters and what they spell

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66
Q

What is the function of the auditory association center

A

To monitor sensory activity in the auditory cortex

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67
Q

Example function of auditory association area

A

Word recognition

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68
Q

What is premotor cortex

A

Somatic motor association center

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69
Q

What is premotor cortex responsible for

A

Coordination of learned movement
Controls learned, repetitious, patterned motor skills
Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
Planning of movements

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70
Q

What is the frontal eye field responsible for

A

Controls learned eye movements like scanning a page

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71
Q

What are 2 examples of multimodal association areas

A

Prefrontal cortex

Wernickes area

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72
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

A

Coordinate info relayed from association areas of entire cortex
Perform abstract intellectual functions like predicting consequences
Feeling of frustration or anxiety are interpreted

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73
Q

What does damage to prefrontal cortex cause

A

Difficulty estimating relationships between events

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74
Q

What is prefrontal cortex closely linked to

A

Limbic system

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75
Q

What does a lobotomy do

A

Remove prefrontal cortex

Removes anxiety

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76
Q

Where does wernickes area receive info from

A

All association areas

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77
Q

Where is wernickes area located

A

Left side of brain

Connected to Broca’s

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78
Q

Where is spatial analysis area

A

On the right side

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79
Q

What is role of wernickes area

A

Understanding and comprehending spoken language

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80
Q

If you are right handed what part of brain is larger

A

Premotor cortex on the left side

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81
Q

What is the idea that the 2 hemispheres have different cortical functions called

A

Lateralization

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82
Q

What is the left hemisphere known for

A

Interpretive and speech centers
Reading, writing, speaking
Analytical tasks

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83
Q

What is right hemisphere known for

A

Relating body to sensory environment
Permits object identification by senses
Dominant role in face recognition

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84
Q

What are basal nuclei

A

Grey matter deep within cortical white matter

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85
Q

Where do internal capsule fibers run

A

Between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei

Collectively called corpus striatum

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86
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made of

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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87
Q

What are the functions of basal nuclei

A

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and learned movement patterns

Provides general pattern and rhythm to movements
Processes info received

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88
Q

What do basal nuclei not do

A

Initiate particular movements

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89
Q

Where does information to the basal nuclei come from

A

Sensory, motor, integrative areas of cerebral cortex

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90
Q

Where is info from basal nuclei output

A

Output to the thalamus

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91
Q

What happens once info has reached thalamus

A

Thalamus outputs info to appropriate area of the cerebral cortex to control muscle movement

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92
Q

Example functions of basal nuclei

A

Subconscious level of positioning and stabilizing arm/ shoulder for movement

Control cycle of movement for Walking

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93
Q

What is the interior of cerebrum mainly made of

A

White matter

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94
Q

What are the 3 axon classifications of white matter

A

Association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

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95
Q

What do association fibers do

A

Interconnect areas of cortex within a single hemisphere

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96
Q

What do commissural fibers do

A

Interconnect between the hemispheres

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97
Q

Example of commissural fibers

A

Corpus callosum

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98
Q

What do projection fibers do

A

Go to lower areas outside of cortex
Or
Enter from lower brain and spinal cord
Run through basal nuclei

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99
Q

Example of projection fibers

A

Corona radiata and internal capsule

The pathway to spinal cord for motor commands

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100
Q

What is the central core of the forebrain

A

Diencephalon

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101
Q

What are the 3 structures of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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102
Q

What encloses the third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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103
Q

What part of the third ventricle does the thalamus form

A

Superolateral walls

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104
Q

What connects the 2 paired masses of the thalamus

A

The intermediate mass

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105
Q

How many groups of nuclei are in the thalamus

What are they called

A 
4 nuclei groups
Anterior
Ventral
Dorsal
Posterior
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106
Q

What do the thalamus nuclei do

A

Project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex

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107
Q

What type of impulses converge at the thalamus

A

Sensory afferent impulses

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108
Q

What occurs at the thalamus

A

Impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as group

All inputs that ascend to cerebral cortex must go through thalamus

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109
Q

What is the “cap” of the brain stem

A

Hypothalamus

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110
Q

What part of third ventricle does hypothalamus form

A

The inferolateral walls

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111
Q

What are 2 portions of the hypothalamus

A

Mammillary bodies

Infundibulum

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112
Q

What do the mammillary bodies do

A

Act as relay station for olfactory pathways

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113
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

Stalk of hypothalamus connected to pituitary gland

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114
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A 
Visceral control 
Regulate BP
Rate of heart beat
Digestive tract motility
Rate of breathing
Maintain body temp
Regulate feeling of hunger
Regulate sleep cycle
Perception of pleasure, fear, rage
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115
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in the endocrine system

A

Produces releasing hormones that control hormone secretion of anterior pituitary

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116
Q

What hormones are produced by hypothalamus

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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117
Q

What part of third ventricle is the epithalamus

A

The roof

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118
Q

What is the dorsal portion of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus

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119
Q

What are 2 portions of the epithalamus

A

Pineal gland

Choroid plexus

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120
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete

A

Melatonin

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121
Q

Where is the pineal gland located

A

Extends from the posterior border of the epithalamus

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122
Q

What does the hormone melatonin do

A

Regulates sleep and mood

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123
Q

What does choroid plexus do

A

Secrete CSF
Help clean and remove waste from CSF
Alter ion concentration of CSF
Have cilia to move CSF

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124
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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125
Q

What does the brain stem control

A

Autonomic behaviors

Needed for survival

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126
Q

How many cranial nerves is the brain stem associated with

A

10 of the 12 pairs

127
Q

Where is the midbrain

A

Between the diencephalon and pons

128
Q

What are some midbrain structures

A

Cerebral peduncles
Cerebral aqueduct
Nuclei: substantia nigra & red nucleus
Corpora quadrigemina: superior/ inferior colliculi

129
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles

A

2 structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts

130
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct

A

Hollow tube that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

131
Q

Where is the corpora quadrigemina

A

Dorsal portion of midbrain

132
Q

What do the superior colliculi do

A

Act as visual reflex center

Track moving objects

133
Q

What do the inferior colliculi do

A

Act as auditory relay center

Startle reflex

134
Q

What kind if neurons does the substantia nigra contain

A

Dopamine releasing neurons

135
Q

What is the substantia nigra functionally related to

A

The basal nuclei of the cerebrum

136
Q

What disease is caused be degeneration of substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

137
Q

What are red nuclei involved in

A

Reticular formation

Relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways

138
Q

Where is the pons

A

Between midbrain and medulla oblongata

139
Q

What part of 4th ventricle does pons form

A

Anterior wall

140
Q

What do the fibers of the pons connect and do

A

Connect higher brain centers to spinal cord
Relay impulses from motor cortex to cerebellum
Contain nuclei for reticular formation

141
Q

What are 2 parts of the medulla oblongata

A

Pyramids

Inferior olivary nuclei

142
Q

What forms the pyramids

A

Corticospinal tracts

143
Q

What is the cross over point of the Corticospinal tracts called

A

Decussation of the pyramids

144
Q

What portion of the fourth ventricle does the medulla oblongata form

A

Anterior wall

With the pons

145
Q

What type of info do inferior olivary nuclei relay

Where is info sent to

A

Relay sensory info about muscle stretch to cerebellum

146
Q

What kind of reflex centers does medulla oblongata have

Specific examples

A

Autonomic reflex centers
Cardiovascular control
Respiratory center

147
Q

What other area of the brain does the medulla oblongata specifically work with

A

Hypothalamus

148
Q

Where is the cerebellum

A

Dorsal to pons and medulla

Protruding under occipital lobe of cerebrum

149
Q

What kind of processing center is cerebellum

A

Automatic processing center

150
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum

A

Adjusting postural muscles
Fine tuning movement at conscious and unconscious levels
Calculating the best way to perform a movement

151
Q

What is the neural cortex made of

A

Perkinje cells

152
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum called

A

Arbor vitae

153
Q

What is the general structure of the cerebellum

A

2 bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected by vermis

154
Q

How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebellum have

What are they called

A

3
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

155
Q

What is the role of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

To coordinate body movements

156
Q

What is the flocculonodular lobe involved in

A

Involved in posture and balance

157
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles

A

3 paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

158
Q

What do the superior peduncles do

A

Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

159
Q

What do the middle peduncles do

A

Connect the pons to the cerebellum

160
Q

What do the inferior peduncles do

A

Connect the medulla to the cerebellum

161
Q

How is the cerebellum notified of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction

A

Motor areas of cerebral cortex via the nuclei in the pons

162
Q

What informs the cerebellum of the body’s condition

A

Impulses from proprioceptors and visual signals

163
Q

What happens if cerebellum is injured

A

Clumsiness

Ataxia

164
Q

Where does cerebellum send blueprint for coordinated movements

A

Back to the cerebral motor cortex

165
Q

What part of brain detects mismatches between plan for motor action and feedback about how it is going

A

The cerebellar cortex

166
Q

What are functional brain systems

A

Networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas

167
Q

What are 2 examples of functional brain systems

A

Limbic system

Reticular formation

168
Q

Where is the Limbic system

A

In nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebellum and brain stem

169
Q

What are the functions of the Limbic

A

Establish emotional state
Links conscious of cerebral cortex with autonomic function of brain stem
Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

170
Q

What are the structures of the Limbic system

A 
Amygdala
Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere (3 gyri)
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Fornix
171
Q

What is the role of the amygdala and cingulate gyrus

A

Regulate heart rate in fight or flight
Link emotions with memories
Act as interface between Limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems

172
Q

What is role of hippocampus

A

Important for learning

Storage and retrieval of new long term memories

173
Q

What is the Fornix

A

White matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus

174
Q

What is the reticular formation composed of

A

3 broad columns along the brain stem
Red nucleus
Midbrain
Nuclei in pons

175
Q

What are far flung reticular formation axons connected to

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

176
Q

What are functions of the reticular formation

A

Reticular activating system

Motor function

177
Q

What does RAS do

A

Send impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it alert and conscious
Filters out repetitive / weak stimuli
Sensory dampener

178
Q

What drug interferes with RAS

A

LSD

179
Q

What is the role of the motor function of reticular formation

A

Help control course motor movements

Help Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions

180
Q

What are done visceral motor functions that reticular formation helps

A

Vasomotor
Cardiac
Respiratory centers

181
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

Electroencephalogram

182
Q

What are the 4 types of brain waves

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

183
Q

Describe alpha waves

A

Regular
Low amp
Slow
Indicate idling brain

184
Q

Describe beta waves

A

More irregular

During awake and alert state

185
Q

Describe theta waves

A

More irregular
Common in children
And frustrated adults

186
Q

Describe delta waves

A

High amp
Deep sleep
Infants
And when RAS is damaged

187
Q

What is a seizure

A

Temporary Uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in brain
With abnormal movements/ behhaviors

188
Q

Describe focal seizure

A

One affecting little cortical area
Sensory or motor symptoms
Remain conscious
Symptoms provide indication if which cortical area involved

189
Q

Describe temporal lobe seizure

A

One that is spread to sensory cortex and association centers
May have unusual experiences
Sudden emotion change- Limbic

190
Q

Describe convulsive seizures

A

Uncontrolled muscle contraction
Tonic clinic
Absence seizures

191
Q

Describe tonic clonic

A

Grand mal
Start at focus and spread to entire cortical surface
Lose consciousness

192
Q

Describe absence seizure

A

Petite mal
Brief loss of consciousness
Often not diagnosed

193
Q

What does consciousness involve

A

Simultaneous activity of large areas of cerebral cortex

Associated with higher mental processing

194
Q

Describe clinical consciousness

A 
Continuum that grades behavior
Alertness
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma
195
Q

What is sleep

A

State of partial unconsciousness

Can be aroused

196
Q

What are the 2 types of sleep

A

Deep aka slow wave

REM

197
Q

What happens during deep sleep

A 
Heart rate
BP
Respiratory rate 
Energy utilization
All decline up to 30%
198
Q

What happens during REM

A

BP and respiratory rate increase
Dreaming occurs
EEG resembles awake state
Motor neurons inhibited

199
Q

What regulates sleep cycle

A

Hypothalamus

200
Q

What type of brain activity declines during sleep

A

RAS declines

Cerebral cortex is not being kept alert

201
Q

What is the restorative sleep stage

A

NREM slow wave

202
Q

When is the reverse learning process

A

REM

Info is purged

203
Q

What side of cerebral hemisphere is for language

A

Mainly left

204
Q

What happens if Broca’s is damaged

A

Not able to speak

205
Q

What happens if wernickes is damaged

A

Nonsense speech

206
Q

What part of language is the right cerebral cortex responsible for

A

Body language

Emotion

207
Q

What part f memory has limited space

A

STM

Only about 7-8 pieces of info

208
Q

What is the working memory

A

SHort term

209
Q

What factors influence memory transfer

A

Emotional state
Rehearsal
Association
Automatic memory

210
Q

What is automatic memory

A

Subconscious info stored in LTM

211
Q

What aspect of memory takes time

A

Consolidation

Fitting in new info with stored info in cerebral cortex

212
Q

What are the 2 categories of memory

A

Declarative

Nondeclarative

213
Q

What category of memory is related to conscious thought and language ability

A

Declarative

214
Q

What is unconscious learning

A

Non declarative

215
Q

What are the subcategories if non declarative memory

A

Procedural
Motor
Emotional

216
Q

How are non declarative memories aquired

A

Experience and repetition

217
Q

Where are visual memories stored

A

Occipital cortex

218
Q

Where are music memories stored

A

Temporal cortex

219
Q

Where is sensory input processed

A

Association cortices

220
Q

What do cortical neurons communicate with for memory creation

A

With hippocampus and amygdala

221
Q

What does temporal lobe communicate with for memories

A

Specific areas of thalamus and prefrontal cortex

222
Q

What does basal forebrain communicate with for memories

A

With prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe

Via Ach

223
Q

What structures are involved in declarative memory creation

A 
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Temporal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Basal forebrain
Thalamus
224
Q

What leads to anterograde amnesia

A

Damage to both sides of hippocampus and temporal lobe structures

225
Q

What structures are involved for skill memory

A

Thalamus
Premotor cortex
Basal nuclei

226
Q

What is CNS protected by

A

Bone
Meninges
CSF

227
Q

How is brain shielded from harmful substances

A

Blood brain barrier

228
Q

What are meninges made of

A

Connective tissue

229
Q

What are the functions of the meninges

A

Cover and protect CNS
Protect blood vessels
Enclose venous sinuses
Contain CSF

230
Q

What meninge has two layers

A

Dura mater around brain

231
Q

What are the 2 dura mater layers and what does each do

A

Periosteal
Attach to skull- periosteeum
Meningeal
Cover brain

232
Q

What is in between the dura mater layers

A

Dural sinuses

233
Q

What is in dural sinuses

A

Venous blood

234
Q

What meninge extends inward to stabilize brain

A

Meningeal layer of dura

235
Q

What is falx cerebri

A

Dura mater fold into longitudinal fissure

236
Q

What is falx cerebelli

A

Dura mater that runs along vermis

237
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

Dural fold that goes into transverse fissure

238
Q

What is attached to the crista galli

A

Falx cerebri

239
Q

What meninge does not follow sulci

A

Arachnoid mater

240
Q

Where is subdural space

A

Between dura and arachnoid

241
Q

Where is subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid and pia

242
Q

What fills subarachnoid space

A

CSF

Large blood vessels

243
Q

What do arachnoid villi do

A

Protrude into dural sinuses

Allow CSF to be absorbed by venous blood

244
Q

What meninge follows sulci

A

Pia mater

245
Q

What does pia mater contain

A

Many tiny blood vessels

246
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain

247
Q

What causes meningococcal meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitis

248
Q

What causes viral meningitis

A

Enteroviruses

249
Q

What causes viral encephalitis

A

Arboviruses

West nile

250
Q

What is CSF similar to

A

Blood plasma

251
Q

What is CSF formed from

A

Blood plasma

Via choroid plexuses

252
Q

How is CSF different from blood plasma

A

Less protein
Different ion concentration
More NA
Less K

253
Q

What helps nourish brain

A

CSF

254
Q

What are choroid plexuses

A

Clusters of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

255
Q

How do choroid plexuses alter ion concentration of CSF

A

Have ion pumps

256
Q

What functions do choroid plexuses have

A

Make CSF
Clean CSF
Move CSF by cilia

257
Q

What are the layers of the blood brain barrier

A

Endothelium of capillary walls
Thick basal lamina
Bulbous feet of Astrocytes

258
Q

Where is there no blood brain barrier

A

3rd and 4th ventricle areas
For vomiting center
And hypothalamus

259
Q

What is contusion

A

Permanent brain damage

Coma if RAS damaged

260
Q

What are cerebrovascular accidents

A

Strokes

261
Q

What are causes of strokes

A

Cerebral artery blocked
Compression of brain by hemorrhage or edema
Atherosclerosis

262
Q

What are TIAs

A

Transient ischemic attacks

Reversible cerebral ischemia

263
Q

What occurs in Alzheimer’s patients brains

A

Brain accumulates beta amyloid peptide outside neurons
Tau tangles inside neurons
Neurons die

264
Q

What particular areas of the brain shrink during Alzheimer’s

A

Basal forebrain

Hippocampus

265
Q

What drugs help Alzheimer’s

A

Ones that. Inhibit ach breakdown

266
Q

What is degraded in Parkinson’s

A

Dopamine releasing neurons in substantia niagra( midbrain)

267
Q

What drugs help Parkinson’s

A

Ldopa
Supply dopamine
Inhibit dopamine breakdown

268
Q

What does the degeneration of substantia niagra cause

A

Over stimulated target basal nuclei
Parkinson’s
Movements are difficult

269
Q

What causes huntingtons

A

Accumulation of Huntingtin protein
Leads to degeneration of basal nuclei
Then cerebral cortex

270
Q

What can treat huntingtons

A

Drugs that block dopamine

271
Q

What does huntingtons cause

A

Jerky movement - chorea

Mental deterioration

272
Q

Where is spinal cord

A

From foremen Magnum to L1

273
Q

What is function of spinal cord

A

Communication to and from brain

274
Q

What is conus medullaris

A

Terminal portion of cord at L1

275
Q

What is filum terminale

A

Extention of pia

Anchors cord to coccyx

276
Q

What are denticulate ligaments

What do they do

A

Shelves of pia

Attach cord to vertebre

277
Q

How many spinal beers are there

A

31 pairs

278
Q

How are spinal nerves attached to cord

A

By paired roots

- dorsal and ventral

279
Q

Where does the spinal cord enlarge

A

At cervical and lumbar areas

280
Q

What is cauda equina

A

Collection of nerve roots at end of vertebral canal

281
Q

Where can a lumbar tap be done

A

Beyond L3

No more cord or spinal roots

282
Q

Where is epidural space

A

Between vertebrae and dura

283
Q

What is epidural space filled with

A

Fat and network of veins

284
Q

What does anterior median fissure divide

A

Anterior funiculi

285
Q

What does posterior median sulcus divide

A

Posterior funiculi

286
Q

What are funiculi made of

A

White matter

Myelinated nerve fibers

287
Q

What is spinal grey matter made of

A

Soma
Unmyelinated processes
Neuroglia

288
Q

What does grey commissural do

A

Connect grey matter

Enclose central canal

289
Q

What are the names of te grey matter structures in spinal cord called

A

Dorsal horns
Ventral horns
Lateral horns

290
Q

What is dorsal half of spinal cord for

A

Sensory roots and ganglia

291
Q

What is ventral half of spinal cord for

A

Motor roots

292
Q

What forms spinal nerves

A

Fused dorsal a ventral roots

293
Q

What type of neurons are in dorsal horns

A

Interneurons

294
Q

What type of neurons are in ventral horns

A

Somatic motor and interneurons

295
Q

What kind of neurons are in lateral horns

A

Neurons of sympathetic nervous system ANS

296
Q

Where are sensory pathways

A

Ascending

297
Q

Where are motor pathways

A

Descending

298
Q

What are example of ascending pathways

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

Spinocerebellar tracts

299
Q

What does dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway do

A

Send sensory info to sensory cortex

For conscious perception

300
Q

What does spinocerebellar tract do

A

Send impulse to cerebellum

301
Q

What tract is not for sensory perception

A

Spinocerebellar tract

302
Q

What does spinocerebellar tracts involve

A

Proprioceptors send impulse to dorsal horns
Synapse with second order neurons
Go to cerebellum

303
Q

What does medial lemniscal system involve

A

Touch receptors or proprioceptors to dorsal horn
Synapse with medulla nuclei - second order
Ascend to thalamus to find third order
Third order synapse with post central gyrus of cerebral cortex

304
Q

Where does decussation occur

A

Medulla oblongata

Second order neurons

305
Q

What pathway does not involve decussation

A

Spinocerebellar

306
Q

What do descending tracts do

A

Deliver efferent Impulses from brain to cord

307
Q

What is the direct pathway

A

Pyramidal tracts

308
Q

What occurs in pyramidal tracts

A

Start at pyramidal neurons of precentral gyrus
Impulses sent via Corticospinal tracts to anterior horn
Anterior horn neurons activate skeletal muscles

309
Q

What type of movements does direct pathway regulate

A

Fast and fine skilled movements

310
Q

What is flaccid paralysis

A

Damage to central root or anterior horn

311
Q

What does flaccid paralysis cause

A

Lower motor neuron damage
Inpulses can’t reach muscle
No movement

312
Q

What is spastic paralysis

A

Only upper neurons are damaged

In the primary motor cortex

313
Q

What does spastic paralysis cause

A

Muscles are stimulate irregularly
Spinal neurons intact
No voluntary control

A&P Exam 3 (1 decks)

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