MODULE 1.2 Flashcards
______ are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.
Sumerians
One of the earliest system of writings. It is a system that utilizes word, pictures, and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
Cuneiform
It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it is erected. Sumerians were able to build city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun – baked bricks – a true engineering feat.
Uruk City
The ______, also called the mountains of gods, was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. It also served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter. As such, even until today, people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Sumerians created ______ canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.
Irrigation and Dikes
The first _____ were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the use of wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
Wheel
They made _____ with the same technology they used in making the sun – baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the _____. The invention of _____ was very useful especially during rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult
roads
_______ was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time.
The plow
The invention of roads was very useful especially during ____ season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult
rainy
___________ emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The ________ were great builders, engineers and architects. One of their major constructions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Babylonian civilization
One of the Babylonian civilization major constructions is the _______, one the seven wonders of the ancient world.
hanging gardens of Babylon,
Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the _______ located in the North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the _____ especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, they have contributed other practical things that world now considers as essential. It is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contributions of it to the modern world.
Egyptian Civilization
The __________may be considered as one the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
Hanging Garden of Babylon
Egyptian invention of the paper or ______ was a welcome development. _____ was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.
papyrus
Egyptian invented ____ by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. The ____ must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture and codified laws. It must be tamper – proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.
ink
_____ was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry and store. The sheets were also less breakable as compared to clay tablets.
Sine papyrus
This form of writing can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as the pyramids where they found. This was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture since they were carved at the walls of the pyramids and other important Egyptian structure.
Hieroglyphics
________ is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievement of the Greeks include in – depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
Greece
The Egyptians also invented the use of ______. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make – up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion industry.
cosmetics
Egyptians wore ____ around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. ____ was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena.
Kohl
This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water (or height, depending on the method used) remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is measured. It was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times.
Water Clock/Clepsydra
During Egyptian times, ____ were worn for health and wellness rather for aesthetic purposes. The ____ were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful rays of the sun. Wearing this was better than putting a scarf or any other head cover since a wig allowed heat to escape.
wigs
The ancient Greek’s _____ used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized this to signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically.
alarm clock
They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible by the use of ____, the production of rice, cereals, flours and the like became common.
Watermills
The ______ was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because the ____ was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.
Roman Empire
The first _____, known as gazettes, contained announcement of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these gazzetes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizens.
newspaper
According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer – lasting.
Bound Books or Codex
Roman devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. Although this is no longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it over other more popular number systems like Hindu – Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and historical value.
Roman Numerals
The _____ is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, _____ is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among other civilization because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about ancient China partly due to status among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant contributions of ____ civilization to the world.
Chinese civilization
One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is ______. Although this is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the ____ and process it to produce paper and clothing. ____ production resulted in the creation of product for trade.
silk
______ is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first ____ was drunk by a Chinese emperor. ____ production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooded or ceramic plot.
Tea
The ________ is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time.
Great Wall of China
The _____ is one the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immorality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
gunpowder
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. Trade and commerce for transportation among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.
Medieval/Middle Ages
Guided by the principle used from the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The _____ was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness.
microscope
The invention of the _____, an optical instrument that helps in the observation for remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer.
telescope
Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was not until the Middle Ages that the technology was invented that allowed for _______ to accurately keep track of time. The knowledge of not only what hour it was, but even what minute and second it was, would change the way people scheduled their days and work patterns, especially in urban areas.
mechanical clocks
While printing technology had been developed in 11th century China, it was the 15th century German Johannes Gutenberg and his ______ that started a new era of the mass production of books. Until the rise of computers in the 20th century, books and the printed word would remain the dominant form of media for the world’s knowledge.
printing press
It did not take long after the drink of coffee emerged in 15th century Arabia that _____ became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands. These kind of establishments would spread into Europe during the early modern era, changing not only how people ate and drank, but creating new ways of social interaction.
coffee houses
The Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena, Italy is considered to be first ever public library in the world. Opened in 1452, the building was owned by the city commune and allowed for readers to freely make use of its collection. Today, public libraries are common throughout much of the world.
Public Library
_______ in Cesena, Italy is considered to be first ever public library in the world. Opened in 1452,
The Library of Malatesta Novello
Although we are not sure who can be credited with the invention of _____, this device could be found in Western Europe the latter years of the 13th century. Its ability to correct vision problems makes it a much it one of the most useful medieval inventions and a great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today.
eyeglasses
The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to established connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries
Modern Times
The more people hot connected by trade and exploration, the more they need a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time. Thus, the development of the _____ by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.
telephone
Louis Pasteur invented _____, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria.
pasteurization
Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on day – to – day basis. The creation of modern ______ did not only pave way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.
calculators
Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lightning to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry.
Petroleum Refinery
During the rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence in many areas in the country. Tricycles find it very difficult to traverse the streets. To remedy the issue, Victor Llave and his team at H2O technologies were able to invent the _____ that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from island to island. Since PH is an archipelago, the Salamander is useful invention that has a lot of potential.
Salamander an amphibious tricycle
Filipina inventor, Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lightning system that utilizes a material abundant in the PH – saltwater. She invented the ______, an environment-friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The ______ lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases.
Sustainable Alternative Lightning lamp
Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a _____ made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Dr. del mundo’s incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
medical incubator
In 2010, the DOST – ITDI was able to introduce the _____, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for human and the environment.
Mosquito Ocvicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
The modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of more expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise.
Ejeepney
