Module 1.2

Question 1

What does the level of measurement determine in data?

Answer 1

Level of measurement determines which statistical calculations are meaningful

Question 2

List the levels of measurement from lowest to highest

Answer 2

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

NOIR

Question 3

Nominal level of measurement

Answer 3

data that is qualitative only
data at this level is categorized using names, labels, qualities
(i.e.; social security numbers, numbers on sports jerseys)
No mathematical computations can be made at this level

Question 4

Ordinal level of measurement

Answer 4

data that is qualitative or quantitative

data at this level can be arranged in order, or ranked

differences between data entries are not meaningful

Question 5

The two highest levels of measurement (interval & ratio) consist of

Answer 5

quantitative data only

Question 6

Interval level of measurement

Answer 6

data that can be ordered

meaningful differences between data entries can be calculated

A zero entry simply represents a position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent zero

Question 7

Ratio level of measurement

Answer 7

a zero entry is an inherent zero

a ratio of two data entries can be formed so that one data entry can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another

Question 8

What is an inherent zero?

Answer 8

a zero that implies “none.” Amount of money in your bank is $0. Zero represents no money; inherent zero.
a temperature of “0” does not represent an instance of no heat. The 0 temperature is a position on a scale that ranges below and above 0 degrees.

Question 9

How do you distinguish between the data at the interval level & the ratio level?

Answer 9

determine whether the expression “twice as much” has any meaning in the context of the data.

$2 is twice as much as $1, so these data would be on the ratio level.

in contract, 2 degrees is not twice as warm as 1 degrees, so these data would be at the interval level.

Question 10

What are the two types of data collection?

Answer 10

cross sectional data
time series data

Question 11

Time series data

Answer 11

data that is collected over a specific period of time (i.e.; data that is collected over a two year time period of monthly average stock price)

“TIME” captures how something changes over time

T- crucial role of time in data
I- Intervals, data collected at regular intervals
M- movement, highlights changes and trends over time
E- reflects development of progress of subject over the periods observed

Question 12

Cross-sectional data

Answer 12

researcher collects information or measurements for each variable on an element at the same (or roughly same) point (i.e.; time, date, point in space)

SNAP (a picture is snapped at a moment in time)