Module 1.1 Practical skills assessed in a written assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Primary research

A

New data is collected and conclusions are then drawn

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2
Q

Secondary research

A

Data from other studies is used to draw conclusions

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3
Q

Valid results

A

Are suitable results that can test the aim

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction using scientific knowledge and trusted information from textbooks, colleagues and papers

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5
Q

Surveys

A

A type of primary research

Sets out limits to observe something already happening

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6
Q

Meta study

A

Secondary research

Uses the raw data from a variety of different studies to try to answer a new aim

Mathematical approach using statistics

Allows a large data group to be studied

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7
Q

Quantitative data

A

Has a numerical value

Requires a measuring instrument to be observed

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8
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptions of what is observed

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9
Q

Resolution

A

The smallest change in the quantity being measure that can be observed

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10
Q

Accuracy

A

How close to the true value a measurement is

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11
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that you are interested in changing to see the effect in has on another factor

Listed in the first column of the results table

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12
Q

Dependent variable

A

The factor that you measure or observe in an experiment

This data is added to the results table as the experiment progresses

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13
Q

Control variable

A

A factor that you must keep constant between each repeat of the experiment so the results can be compared

Not recorded in a result table

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14
Q

Extraneous variable

A

A factor that may affect the experiment but that you have not measured or controlled

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15
Q

SI units

A

The International System of Units (SI) states the units that quantities should be measured in

E.g. Distance is measured in metres (m)
Time in seconds (s)
Mass in kilograms (kg)

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16
Q

Method

A

A step-by-step detailed explanation of how to complete an experiment

Should be written in such a way that anyone can follow it and complete the experiment in the same way

The equipment and reagents need to be listed before the method

Fully labelled diagram

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17
Q

Tables

A

First column = independent variable, can be completed before experiment

Other columns contain the dependent variable

Each column heading must be labelled with the variable and its unit of measurement

Entries to the table don’t require units as they are recorded in the headings

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18
Q

Continuous variables

A

A measured value that could be any number

E.g. Temperature

19
Q

Discrete variables

A

Values can only be definite numbers

E.g. Atomic number

20
Q

Categoric variables

A

A qualitative description

E.g. The colour of a precipitate

21
Q

Independent variable

A

X axis (horizontal axis)

22
Q

Dependent variable

A

Y axis (vertical axis)

23
Q

Scatter graph

A

Both variables must be continuous

24
Q

Line graph

A

The independent variable can be discrete or categoric

The dependent variable can be continuous or discrete

25
Bar chart
The independent variable can be discrete or categoric The dependent variable can be continuous or discrete
26
Scatter graphs
Maximise graph paper use so trends are easy to observe Choose a suitable scale (this may or may not mean starting at the origin) Independent variable - continuous, on x-axis Dependent variable - also continuous, on y-axis
27
Lines of best fit
No pattern = don't draw a line of best fit If a data point doesn't fit the pattern, circle it, ignore the anomalous result Pattern is a straight line - use a ruler, use a sharp pencil, draw the line, don't just connect the dots - draw the pattern the data shows Pattern is a curve - draw a smooth curve - hold pencil firmly on the desk and move the paper to get a smooth curve
28
Gradient
Change in y DIVIDED BY change in x
29
Concordant results
Values that are close to each other and therefore represent reliable data Results that aren't concordant are anomalous Only concordant results are used to calculate an average
30
Accurate
Results close to the true value
31
Reliable
Results that are similar when they are repeated
32
A false positive
When a positive result is produced but not due to the desired product being formed
33
Systematic error
The same error in every measurement Due to the limits of the equipment e.g. a piece of measuring equipment not being correctly calibrated
34
Random error
An error that may or may not be present Different every time Due to the experience of the scientist e.g. not controlling draughts in a room
35
Margin for error
Shows the range that a value lies within
36
Precision
The degree to which repeated values, collected under the same conditions in an experiment, show the same result
37
Weighing by difference
Mass of container before and after a material is added and the difference between these values is the mass of the material
38
Percentage error
A mathematical way of comparing the experimental value with the actual value
39
Margin for error of a 50 cm^3 measuring cylinder
+ or - 0.1 cm^3
40
Margin for error of a 10 cm^3 measuring cylinder
+ or - 0.01 cm^3
41
Margin for error of a 50 cm^3 pipette
+ or - 0.05 cm^3
42
Percentage error of a value
Actual value - experimental value DIVIDED BY accepted value TIMES BY 100
43
Percentage error of equipment
Maximum error DIVIDED BY measured value TIMES BY 100