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Comprehensive Review > MODULE 1.1: AUTOMATION > Flashcards

MODULE 1.1: AUTOMATION Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of Automation

A

Speed of performance
Elimination of visual fatigue
Improved precision

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2
Q

The two basic cell counting principles employed in most hematology analyzers

A

Electrical Impedance and optical scatter or detection

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3
Q

aspirating unit, dispensers, dilutors, mixing chambers, aperture baths and/or flow cells and hemoglobinometer

A

Hydraulics

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4
Q

vacuums and pressures for operating valves and moving the sample through the system

A

Pneumatics

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5
Q

electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing data

A

Electrical systems

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6
Q

aka low-voltage DC resistance; most common methodology used;

A

Electrical Impedance

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7
Q

Two examples of electrical impedance counters

A

Coulter counter and Sysmex counter

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8
Q

Cells that do not conduct current but rather change electrical resistance

A

Voltage pulses

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9
Q

Size threshold range of RBCs

A

36-360 fL

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10
Q

Size threshold range of WBCs

A

45-450 fL

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11
Q

Size threshold range of Lymphocytes

A

45-90 fL

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12
Q

size threshold range of monocytes

A

90-160 fL

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13
Q

size threshold range of granulocytes

A

160-450 fL

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14
Q

size threshold range of platelets

A

2-20 fL

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15
Q

Optical scatter is the principle of

A

Technicon Autoanalyzer

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16
Q

Uses detection of interference in a laser beam or light source to differentiate and enumerate cell types

A

Optical scatter systems

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17
Q

Forward angle light scatter measures

A

cell size

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18
Q

Side angle light scatter measures

A

cell granularity and lobularity

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19
Q

RBC (no nucleus)

A

no light scatter

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20
Q

RBC (w/ nucleus)

A

light scatter

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21
Q

halogen lamp

A

Tungsten

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22
Q

The most common light source used in flow cytometers because of the properties of intensity, stability, and monochromatism

A

Helium-neon laser

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23
Q

cells in a suspension of buffered solution are labelled with one to several fluorescent compounds

A

Flow cytometry

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24
Q

Major components of a Flow cytometer

A

Fluidics, optics, Electronics

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25
Q

flow chamber for single-cell separation, sheath fluid, and hydrodynamic focusing

A

Fluidics

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26
Q

excitation light source includes lasers or lamps; light is separated by dichroic mirror and filters

A

Optics

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27
Q

photomultiplier tube detects light energy, then converts this to voltage pulses; computers translate pulses into data files

A

Electronics

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28
Q

utilizes impedance technology and is a representation of cell number versus one measured property, usually cell size;

A

Cell histogram

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29
Q

plotted on the Y axis (Cell histogram)

A

number of pulses

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30
Q

plotted on the X axis (Cell histogram)

A

cell size

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31
Q

reference size range for WBCs (WBC histogram)

A

45-450 fL

32
Q

how many peaks does a normal WBC histogram have

A

3

33
Q

First peak (45-90 fL)

A

small mononuclear cells

34
Q

Second peak (90-160 fL)

A

minor population of large mononuclear cells

35
Q

Third peak (160-450 fL)

A

normal mature types of granulocytes

36
Q

WBC categories on Coulter counter

A

Small cells (lymphocytes), medium cells (mononuclear cells), large cells (granulocytes)

37
Q

Population <35 fL may indicate nRBCs, giant or clumped platelets

A

R1

38
Q

Peak overlap at 90 fL may indicate reactive lymphocytes or blast cells

A

R2

39
Q

Peak overlap at 160 fL may indicate an increase in bands, immature neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

A

R3

40
Q

Population >450 fL may indicate a high granulocyte count

A

R4

41
Q

error code for multiple region overlap

A

RM

42
Q

when a parameter value is higher than the set normal limit

A

H

43
Q

when a parameter value is lower than the set normal limit

A

L

44
Q

reference size range for RBCs

A

6-360 fL or >36 fL

45
Q

RBC histogram will show a single peak between

A

70 and 110 fL

46
Q

24-36 fL

A

rejected

47
Q

Shift to the right

A

macrocytic

48
Q

shift to the left

A

microcytic

49
Q

Cold agglutinin disease, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes present, or anemias with different cell size; when a patient received a blood transfusion; dimorphic erythrocyte population

A

Bimodal, 2 peaks

50
Q

Increased curved width

A

anisocytosis

51
Q

reference size range for platelets (PLT histogram)

A

2-20 fL

52
Q

lower region interference (<2fL)

A

electrical interference

53
Q

upper region interference (>20 fL)

A

microcytic RBCs, schistocytes, giant or clumped platelets

54
Q

also called cytogram or Scatterplot; 2D representation of a two or more cell properties or characteristics plotted against each other

A

Scattergram

55
Q

are displayed on a monitor and are color coded for different subpopulations

A

Scatterplots for WBCs

56
Q

methodologies included in scattergram

A

Radiofrequency
Fluorescence
Cytochemistry

57
Q

Positive Instrumental errors

A

Aperture plugs
Bubbles in the samples
Extraneous electrical pulses

58
Q

Most common problem in cell counting

A

Aperture plugs

59
Q

caused by vigorous mixing

A

Bubbles in the samples

60
Q

Negative instrumental errors

A

Excessive lysing of RBCS

61
Q

May be counted as RBCs or WBCs

A

Giant platelets

62
Q

May be counted as RBCs or platelets

A

Fraagment of WBC cytoplasm

63
Q

will cause false-negative results for each count

A

agglutination of RBCs, WBCs or platelets

64
Q

falsely low platelet counts

A

Platelet sattelitism

65
Q

Corrective action for cold agglutinins

A

Warm specimen to 37 degree celsius and rerun

66
Q

corrective action for Lipemia, icterus

A

Plasma replacement

67
Q

Corrective action for Hemolysis

A

Request new specimen

68
Q

Corrective action for Lysis-resistant RBCs

A

Perform manual dilutions, allow incubation time for lysis

69
Q

Corrective action for MIcrocytes or schistocytes

A

Review blood film

70
Q

Corrective action for nRBCs, megakaryocyte fragments, or micromegakaryoblasts

A

Newer instruments, count nRBCs and correct the WBC count; count micromegakaryoblasts/100 WBCs and correct

71
Q

corrective action for platelet clumps

A

redraw specimen in sodium citrate, multiply result by 1.1

72
Q

corrective action for WBC. 100,000/mL

A

Manual HCT, perform manual Hb, correct RBC count, recalculate indices; if above linearity, dilute for correct WBC count

73
Q

Corrective action for leukemia, especially with chemotherapy

A

Review film, perform phase platelet count or CD61 count

74
Q

Corrective action for old specimen

A

Establish stability and specimen rejection criteria

75
Q

Lyse- resistant RBCs

A

sickle cells, target cells, hypochromic cells

Comprehensive Review (2 decks)

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