Module 11 Flashcards
What type of cells produce CSF?
Ependymal Cells
Flow of CSF?
Lateral ventricles – 3rd & 4th ventricules – subarachnoid space – Central canal of spinal cord – venous circulation
CSF is produced by the _____
Chorid Plexuses
Majority of CSF is made in the____?
Lateral ventricles
Functions of CSF?
Provides nutrients to the CNS tissues, protective cushion around the brain and spinal cord, protects the brain rains the shock of rapid head movements
Two layers of Dura Mater ____?
Arachnoid Mater & Pia Mater
The majority of the CSF fluid enters the ventricles by following which kind of concentration gradient?
Sodium Ions
This type of Memory is used as you cross the street looking both ways. Or when you’re playing chess
Working Memory
This memory is accessed when we are functioning while trying to remember something
Working Memory
Refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experienc
Semantic
Thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system
Hippocampus
Awake & Engaged
Beta Waves
Relaxed, mind is wandering, non-focused
Alpha Waves
Early sleep in young children // early stages of sleep
Theta Waves
Deep sleep or brain damage (coma)
Delta Waves
It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring)
The Limbic System
Emotional and Pleasure Centers?
The Limbic System
Without the ______ you couldn’t have memory, reproduction or nutrition
The Limbic System
Addictions are primarily housed in what region of the brain?
The Limbic System
Function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?
Maintain the brain in a state of alertness or arousal
Damage to what area of the brain would cause Narcolepsy?
RAS
Structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination?
The Red Nucleus
What is located in the midbrain & plays an important role in reward & movement?
The Substantia Nigra Black
What causes the Red Nucleus to be red?
Iron
The largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
Associated with higher brain function such as thought and action?
Cerebrum
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called ____?
Lobes
What are the 4 lobes?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located?
Superior part of the temporal lobe?
Occipital lobe?
Eyes
Numerous bumps in the surface of the cerebrum?
Gyri
The valleys/grooves in the brain?
Sulci
What brain structure is responsible for muscle tone, balance, and coordination?
Cerebellum
Analytical side of brain?
Left brain
Problem solving, math, science?
Left Brained
Artistic side of the brain?
Right Brained
Creativity, Music, Art?
Right Brained
4 regions of the brain?
Cerebrum, Diecephalon, Brain Stem, Cerebellum
Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Area, Motor Speech Are (Brocha’s Area), Prefrontal Area are all apart of what lobe?
Frontal Lobe
Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex & taste area are associate with what lobe?
Parietal Lobe
Primary Auditory Cortex, Auditory Association Area, Sensory Speech Area (Wernick’s Area) are associated with what lobe?
Temporal Lobe
Visual Association Area, Visual Cortex are associated with what lobe of the brain?
Occipital Lobe
Taste, hand & eye movement?
The Insula
Memory, attention, perception, thought, movement, language, consciousness are associated with ______?
Cerebral Cortex
3 Main Divisons of the cerebral cortex?
Motor areas, sensory areas, association areas
Another name for Primary Motor Cortex?
Precentral Gyrus
Functions of Primary Motor Cortex?
Planning, initiation and execution
Initiates muscle & movements necessary for speech? (can’t pronounce words with damage)
Broca’s Area
Auditory or visual comprehension of language? (can’t form sentences if damaged)
Wernicke’s Area
What do we call the gray matter deep in the cerebrum?
Nuclei
3 types of fibers?
Association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
Information within the same hemisphere?
Association Fibers?
Information across hemispheres?
Commissural Fibers
Cerebrum to other parts of the CNS?
Projection Fibers
Wernicke’s Area also in _____ lobe?
Parietal lobe
3 parts the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Relay center for information coming into the cerebral cortex? (sensory impulses)
The Thalamus
_____ neurons converge and synapse in the thalamus?
Afferent
Positioned below the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
Visceral control center & homeostasis maintenance?
Hypothalamus
The _____ is associated with ANS (heart rate, BP, digestion), emotions (pleasure, fear, rage), Body temp, Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Bridge between the limbic system and the cerebrum?
Epithalamus
Pain processing, reproductive behavior, learning, sleep-wake cycles, created to the limbic system?
Epithalamus
The pineal Gland releases _____?
Melatonin (associated with sleep)
3 parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Critical body functions the brainstem?
respiration & heart regulation
Most superior portion of the brainstem?
Midbrain
In between diencephalon & pons?
Midbrain
Substantia Nigra and red nucleus located?
Midbrain
Movement of eyes as we track moving object? Input from eyes/
Superior Colliculi
Coordinate head and eye movements with sudden sounds?
Inferior Colliculi
Two parts of Corpora Quadrigemina?
Superior Colliculi & Inferior Colliculi
Associated with Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia Nigra
Substantia Nigra is black because of _____?
Neuromelanin
Substantia Nigra neurons produce _____?
Dopamine
These neurons of the Substantia Nigra ascend to the cerebrum to the _____?
Basal Nuclei (control skeletal muscle control)
What contributes to sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, posture
The Pons
Pons = _____?
Bridge
Assists in homeostasis, strength and force of heart rate, depth of breathing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing and decussation?
The Medulla Oblongata
Motor learning & motor coordination?
Cerebellum
Compares what is actually happening to what the motor cortex ordered?
Cerebellum
Typing, driving, riding a bike, piano playing, etc, emotions, language, thought processing
Cerebellum
3 parts of limbic system?
Cingulate Gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus
Part of the cerebrum & diencephalon?
Limbic System
What is not fully developed until 25 years old?
Limbic System
Cognition and spatial memory? (what when and where)
The Hippocampus
Important in learning, short term memory and conversion of short term memories to long term?
The Hippocampus
Episodic & Autobiographical types of memories?
The Amygdala
Facial recognition and first impressions?
The Amygdala
Regulates motor control, initiating, stopping and monitoring intensity of voluntary motor movements
The Basal Nuclei
What releases dopamine in response to reward & stimulated by cocaine, alcohol, nicotine?
Ventral Tegmental Area
Formation & storage of memories?
Amygdala
social interactions, processing of personal space, sexual and aggressive behavior, desire for physical contact
The Amygdala
Allows for control of the amygdala?
Septal Nuclei
Similar to nucleus accumbens * reward/reinforcement
Septal Nuclei
Lasts from seconds to a few minutes?
Short term memory
Small amounts of information (phone number)
Short term memory
Correlates our current situation with our experiences?
Working Memory
2 types of long-term memory?
Explicit & Implicit
Facts, names, dates, processes, expressed verbally
Explicit
Explicit is the same as ______?
Declarative Memory
Riding a bike, walking, tying shoes?
Implicit
Implicit is the same as _____?
Procedural
The process of converting short-term to long-term memory?
Consolidation
Responsible for generating long-term memories?
Hippocampus
Can’t make new memories after neurological insult?
Anterograde Amnesia
Difficulty retrieving memories that were from before the injury?
Retrograde Amnesia
Important in converting short-term memory into long-term memory?
Hippocampus
What memory lasts days to years?
Long-term memory
Purpose of the meninges?
Protect CNS
2 layers of Dura Mater?
Periosteal Layer & Menigeal Layer
Arachnoid Layer & Subarachnoid Space cushions and protects the _____?
brain
_____ space filled with CSF?
Subarachnoid Space
Very delicate & makes border for CSF?
Pia Mater
From rupture arteries? Usually from physical trauma
Epidural Hemorrhages
Compression of CNS (intense headaches)
Epidural Hemorrhages
Venous Bleed, shaken baby syndrome, whiplash, rips the veins in the subdural space?
Subdural Hemorrhage
Thunderclap headache?
Subarachnoid Hemorrhages?
CSF is in this space?
Subarachnoid Hemorrhages?
_______ are the second most common cause of stroke?
Intracerebral Hemorrhages
Damage tot eh region of the brain where it occurs?
Intracerebral Hemorrhages
Cranial nerves can transmit ____ information & _____ information?
Sensory & Motor
Cranial Nerve #1 is?
Olfactory
Nerve associated with smell?
Olfactory
Cranial Nerve #2 is?
Optic
Nerve associated with vision?
Optic
Cranial Nerve #3 is?
Occulomotor
Cranial Nerve #4 is?
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve #5 is?
Abducens
Nerves 3,4,5 are associated with?
Eye movement
Cranial Nerve #6 is?
Trigeminal
Nerve associated with sensory (face), sinus, teeth, jaw muscles?
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve #7 is?
Facial
Nerve associated with face muscles, taste?
Facial
Cranial Nerve #8 is?
Auditory
Nerve associated with hearing & balance?
Auditory
Cranial Nerve #9 is?
Glossopharyngeal
Nerve associated with muscle of throat & larynx & taste
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve #10 is?
Vagus
Nerve associated with internal organs?
Vagus
Cranial Nerve #11 is?
Hypoglossal
Nerve associated with tongue movements?
Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve #12 is?
Spinal Accessory
Nerve associated with muscles of the neck and upper back?
Spinal Accessory
