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6010 Advance Patho Test 5 COMPLETE ☑️ > Module 10: Hematologic System (a) > Flashcards

Module 10: Hematologic System (a) Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of blood

A
  1. Plasma 55% — Mainly constituted of water — 7% proteins
  2. Buffy coat — Leukocytes and platelets
  3. Formed elements 45% — 99% erythrocytes and 1% reticulocytes
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2
Q

Composition of Blood

-Plasma Proteins

A
  1. 7% of total plasma weight
  2. Majority are synthesized in the LIVER — Except immunoglobulins (made by Plasma B cells)
  3. Albumin is approx 60% of total plasma proteins
    —Function as carriers
    —Plasma Oncotic Pressure
  4. Globulins — Made by Plasma B cells — Carrier proteins for iron, lipids, and Vit A, D, E, and K —
  5. Fibrinogen — Essential for clotting blood
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3
Q

Composition of Blood

-Erythrocytes

A
  1. Most abundant cells of the blood
  2. Responsible for tissue oxygenation — Contain hemoglobin
  3. 120-day life cycle —No nucleus and no organelles
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4
Q

Composition of Blood

-Biconcavity & Reversible deformity TEST

A
  1. Bi-Concavity — Shape provides a surface area and volume ration that are optimal for GAS diffusion and deformity
  2. Reversible Deformity — Enables the erythrocytes to assume a more compact torpedo-like shape, squeeze through micro circulation and then return to normal
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5
Q

Composition of Blood

-Platelets

A
  1. Irregularly shaped cytoplasmic fragments — formed by fragmentation of megakaryocytes
  2. Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
  3. Incapable of mitotic division
  4. Normal count is 140,000 to 340,000 platelets/mm3
  5. Live 8-10 days then removed by spleen
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6
Q

Lymphoid Organs

-Primary & Secondary organs

A
  1. Primary Lymphoid organs
    - Bone Marrow
    - Thymus
  2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
    - Spleen
    - Lymph nodes
    - Tonsils
    - Peyer patches of the small intestine
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7
Q

Lymphoid Organs

-Primary Lymphoid Organs

A
  1. Primary Lymphoid organs
    - Bone Marrow
    - Thymus
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8
Q

Lymphoid Organs

-Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  1. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
    - Spleen
    - Lymph nodes
    - Tonsils
    - Peyer patches of the small intestine
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9
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

-Spleen

A
  1. LARGEST secondary lymphoid organ
  2. Functions
    - Site of fetal hematopoiesis** TEST
    - mononuclear phagocytes in spleen filter and cleanse the blood
    - Mounts an immune response to blood borne microorganisms
    - Serves as a blood reservoir
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10
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

-Lymph Nodes

A
  1. Structurally part of the lymphatic system
  2. Functional part of the immune and hematologic systems
    - Facilitate maturation of lymphocytes **
    - Transports lymphatic fluid back into circulation
    - Marcophages reside in the lymph nodes
    - First site of contact between circulating antigen and nodal lymphocytes
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11
Q

Hematopoiesis

-Info

A
  1. Process of blood cell production **
    - Liver and spleen of a fetus
    - Only in bone marrow after birth
    - Humans need 100 billion new blood cells per day
  2. Two stages
    - Mitosis (Proliferation)
    - Maturation (Differentiation)
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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

-Bone Marrow

A

AKA Myeloid tissue

  1. Red Bone Marrow — Proliferation and differentiation occur in RED bone marrow
  2. Yellow Bone Marrow — Inactive — color comes from fat
  3. Adult active bone marrow
    - Pelvic bones
    - Vertebrae
    - Cranium and mandible
    - Sternum and ribs
    - Humerus and Femur
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13
Q

Hematopoiesis

-Active Bone Marrow (RED)

A
  1. Adult active bone marrow sites
    - Pelvic bones
    - Vertebrae
    - Cranium and mandible
    - Sternum and ribs
    - Humerus and Femur
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14
Q

Erythropoiesis

-Process

A
  1. Derived from erythroblasts — Maturation is stimulated by erythropoietin — In response to kidney hypoxia
  2. Reticulocytes are released from bone marrow and take 1-2 days to mature into erythrocytes
    —1 reticulocytes for every 100 RBC’s
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15
Q

Hemoglobin Synthesis

-Process

A
  1. Single erythrocytes contains as many as 300 hemoglobin molecules
  2. Components of hemoglobin
    - Globulins
    - 4 heme complexes
  3. Hemoglobin A is most common 90% type of hemoglobin
    —One molecule of hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of Oxygen
    —Ex: HbA1C is Hemoglobin A that carries glucose
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16
Q

Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis

-TEST

A

Vitamins
1. B12 — Helps synthesize DNA of RBC’s, encourages maturation and facilitates folate metabolism
—In order to utilize Vit B12, the body needs to produce INTRINSIC FACTOR
—Large molecule secreted by parietal cells into stomach — Allows transport of Vit B12 across the ilium

  1. Folic Acid — Helps synthesize DNA & RNA of RBC’s — promotes maturation of erythrocytes
  2. B6, Vit E, and Pantothenic acid (Vit B5) — Important in Heme synthesis
  3. Vitamin C — Helps w/ Iron metabolism
  4. Riboflavin — Managing oxidative reactions in erythropoiesis
  5. Niacin — Needed for respiration’s in erythrocytes — Allows erythrocytes to utilize Kreb cycle

Minerals

  1. Iron — hemoglobin synthesis
  2. Copper — Required for mobilization of iron from Tissue to plasma

Proteins — Provide structure support and synthesis of hemoglobin

17
Q

Senescent Erythrocytes

A
  1. Older RBC’s removed from circulation by macrophages after 120 days
  2. Usually occurs in the SPLEEN
  3. If spleen is unable or absent, Removed by Kupffer cells in the Liver
    - Heme — Porphyrin is brocken down to bilirubin and excreted
    - Globin — Broken down to amino acids
    - Iron — Recycled
18
Q

Iron Cycle

-Process

A

1-2 mg of iron are lost each day d/t stuffing of skin and mucosal cells of GI & GU tract

  1. Transferrin — Iron is a heavy metal and toxic unless bound to protein
    —Major Iron Transport protein
    —TRANSFERS Iron in circulation***
    —Precursor Apotransferrin
  2. Ferritin
    —Major intracelular iron STORAGE protein — Stored in macrophages in liver and spleen
    —Precursor Apoferritin (ferritin w/out Iron)
19
Q

The Young and the Hematologic System

A
  1. Blood cell counters increase above adult levels at birth & decline gradually during childhood
  2. Polycythemia of the newborn
    —hypoxic intrauterine environment stimulates erythropoietin production
  3. In full-term infants — Erythrocytes lifespan is 60 to 80 days
  4. In Premature infants — Erythrocytes lifespan is 20 to 30 days
20
Q

Aging and the Hematologic System

A
  1. Blood composition changes little w/ age
  2. Erythrocytes life span is normal, BUT erythrocytes are replaced more slowly
    - Possibly caused by — Iron depletion — Decreased total serum iron, iron-binding capacity, and intestinal iron absorption
  3. Platelet adhesive Ess. Increases with age — ASA is important to prevent clots
  4. Lymphocyte function decreases w/ age
  5. T-cell function (Celular immunity) declines
  6. Humoral immune system is less responsive

6010 Advance Patho Test 5 COMPLETE ☑️ (6 decks)

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