Module 10

Question 1

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 1

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase

(PMAT)
*Interphase - duplicates chromatids

Question 2

What is Gametogenesis?

Answer 2

The process of producing haploid cells called gametes

Question 3

What are the differences between haploid and diploid cells?

Answer 3

Haploid cells:
-found in sperm and egg
-created by meiosis
-single chromosomes
Diploid cells:
- somatic cells (other cells in the body)
- created by mitosis
-two chromosomes

Question 4

What is spermatogenesis and where is it formed?

Answer 4

Spermatogenesis (lasting 74 days) is the sperm formation from stem cells (spermatognoia) to produce spermatozoa.
Located in the seminiferous tubules.
Also includes spermiogenesis

Question 5

What is spermiogenesis?

Answer 5

Final 24 days (last phase) transforming a spermatid into fully developed sperm cells (spermatozoa).

Question 6

What are the four steps of spermatogenesis?

Answer 6

1. Spermatogonium cell splits (mitosis) into 2 cells: spermatogonium (near basal tunica) and primary spermatocyte (46 chromasones).
2. Primary spermatocyte spilts (I meosis) into secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosones each).
3. Secondary spermatocyte splits (II meosis) into spermatids (23 chromosones each).
4. Spermatids differentiate and become sperm cells.

Question 7

What is the purpose of sustenticular cells?

Answer 7

To maintain the blood-testis barrier which separates the developing sperm from the immune system

Question 8

What occurs during spermiogenesis?

Answer 8

1. Condensing of nucleus
2. Formation of acrosome
3. Elongation of body
4. Formation of tail
5. Shedding of cytoplasmic excess baggage

Question 9

What is a spermatozoon?

Answer 9

Resulting cell from spermiogenesis. “Mature Sperm Cell”

Question 10

What is the location and function of the dartos muscle?

Answer 10

Within the wall of the scrotum.
Expands or contracts to wrinkle the scrotal skin to regulate temperature.

Question 11

What is the location and function of the cremaster muscle?

Answer 11

Surrounds the testes and is an extension of the abdominal muscles.
Raise and lowers the testes in order to regulate scrotal temperature.

Question 12

What is the pampiniform plexus and what do they form?

Answer 12

A network of 10 - 12 veins which surround the testicular artery. This forms a countercurrent heat exchange system so that warm blood in the arteries leaving the body heat cooler blood in the veins leaving the testes

Question 13

What is the pathway of a newly formed sperm passes through to reach the urethra. (Steps 1-8)

Answer 13

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Straight tubules (tubulus retus)
3. Rete testis
4. Efferent ductles
5. Head of epididymis
6. Body of epididymis
7. Tail of epididymis
8. Vas deferens

Question 14

What is the function of the Seminal vesicles?

Answer 14

Produces 60% of semen

Question 16

What Hormones is released from the Hypothalamus and what does is travel through to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 16

GnRH
(gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Question 17

What is released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 17

Lutenising Hormone (LH) and the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

Question 18

What is the function of the Lutenising Hormone?

Answer 18

Binds with leydic cells which start secreting testosterone

Question 19

What is the function of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Answer 19

Binds onto sertoli cells, releases nutrients and growth, androgen binding protein (binds testosterone) allowing for spermatogenesis.

Question 20

What occurs when sperm count is too high?

Answer 20

1. Inhibin is released and moves up systemic vasculature back to the anterior pituarity to inhibit FSH
2. Testosterone systemic vasculature bind onto AP and Hypothalamus and will will decrease GnRH.