Module 10

Question 1

What are phytochemicals

Answer 1

chemicals in food that lift our mood and make us feel good

Question 2

What are the rpocesses that break fown carbohydrates

Answer 2

Glycolysis: Glucose into Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase: pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Cirtric Acid Cycle: reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 into ATP

Question 3

How are lipids broken doqn

Answer 3

Lipid Glycerol backbone that goes into glycolysis

Fatty acid chains are broken down through beta oxidation to acetyl coA to go into citric acid cycle

Question 4

How/What are Proteins broken down into

Answer 4

Amino acids

Depending on AA they help in a pathway

Question 5

What is the brains fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 5

• None

- Glucose or ketone bodies during starvation

Question 6

What is the Skeletal muscle (at rest) fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 6

Glycogen, Protein (carbs are stored as glycogen) (small amount of triglycerols)
- Fatty acid is prefered as fuel

Question 7

What is the Skeletal Muscle (work) fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 7

• None (resiles of circulating Faty acids)

- Glucose

Question 8

What is the Heart Muscles fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 8

None (relies of circulating fatty acids)

- Fatty acids (steady flow)

Question 9

What is the Adipose Tissue fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 9

Tricylglycerols (most fats stored here for long term)

- Fatty acids preffered

Question 10

What is the Liver fuel reserve and its prefered fuel

Answer 10

• Stored glucose (as glycogen) and some triacylglycerols

- Glucose fatty acids, amino acids

Question 11

What is the livers main function

Answer 11

Processs all ingested fats, repackages it as chylomicrons and sends it out fo other tissues to pick up

Question 12

Where are fats stored for long term storage

Answer 12

Adipose tissues

Question 13

Why is breakfast so importantq

Answer 13

• Liver stores glucose as glycogen for the entire body to use over a day
• In the morning the livers reserve of glycogen is running low ~ hence why breakfast is so important

Question 14

How much does the demand for ATP increase after rest to sprint

Answer 14

average 100 folds

Question 15

What happens when you increase exercise intensity (how and why do the processes switch)

Answer 15

• There is increase in ATP demand and rate of ATP production from fat isn’t able to meet the demand as pathway of beta oxidation and citric acid cycle are slower
• Body begins to rely heavily on oxidation of glucose
• Glycolysis produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation at much greater rate than flux of metabolic intermediates through beta oxidation or citric acid cycle

Question 16

What does body rely on during intermediate exercise

Answer 16

• relies on a blend of fat and carbohydrate degradation

○Fatty acids and glucose (from liver) continue to supply via the bloodstream

Question 17

What does the body rely on during Sprinting

Answer 17

fat oxidation provides very little ATP but, the breakdown of glucose through glycolysis provides the greatest portion of ATP along with high energy phosphate called creatine phosphate
○Supply of glucose is not able to keep up with the demand, the muscle turns to its own local and intermediate stores of glycogen for a rapid supply of glucose for glycolysis

Question 18

What does Creatine Phosphate do

Answer 18

● Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate compound that serves as an energy buffer inside of the cell
○Readily available to buffer ATP levels as they drop during the onset of exercise or high-intensity exercise
○Creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP to replenish ATP levels when they drip

Question 19

When is creatine madeq

Answer 19

● Creatine is made in our body when we consume meat, some may use creatine supplements

Question 20

What does Lactate cause

Answer 20

muscle fatigue, cramping, reduces our ability to continue exercise at high level of intensity → cannot sprint for long, lactate slows us down and we exhaust our creatine phosphate stores

Question 21

What is the cause of type two diabetes

Answer 21

● Dysfunction in insulin signaling, leads to type two diabetes, no cure yet.

Question 22

What happesn during starvation

Answer 22

○ Fatty acids can be taken up from the bloodstream by the liver and converted into ketone bodies

Question 23

What happens when ketone bodies are exhausted

Answer 23

●When all our ketone bodies are exhausted, comes protein but not preferred.
○Protein is not stored the same as fat or glucose but we have significant numbers in muscle mass

Question 24

Why is the break down of protein the last resort

Answer 24

○ Last resort because our bodies will preserve our muscle mass until no options left and need our cells to survive
■ If we break protein before fats and ketone bodies, we will not have muscles to get ourselves food → Mechanism of self-preservation and survival

Question 25

What is protein broken down into and what is it converted into

Answer 25

• It can be broken down to its amino acid components:
• the glucogenic amino acids will be converted to glucose
• the ketogenic will be converted to ketone bodies