Module 10 Flashcards
What are phytochemicals
chemicals in food that lift our mood and make us feel good
What are the rpocesses that break fown carbohydrates
Glycolysis: Glucose into Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase: pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Cirtric Acid Cycle: reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 into ATP
How are lipids broken doqn
Lipid Glycerol backbone that goes into glycolysis
Fatty acid chains are broken down through beta oxidation to acetyl coA to go into citric acid cycle
How/What are Proteins broken down into
Amino acids
Depending on AA they help in a pathway
What is the brains fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
- None
- Glucose or ketone bodies during starvation
What is the Skeletal muscle (at rest) fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
Glycogen, Protein (carbs are stored as glycogen) (small amount of triglycerols)
- Fatty acid is prefered as fuel
What is the Skeletal Muscle (work) fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
- None (resiles of circulating Faty acids)
- Glucose
What is the Heart Muscles fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
None (relies of circulating fatty acids)
- Fatty acids (steady flow)
What is the Adipose Tissue fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
Tricylglycerols (most fats stored here for long term)
- Fatty acids preffered
What is the Liver fuel reserve and its prefered fuel
- Stored glucose (as glycogen) and some triacylglycerols
- Glucose fatty acids, amino acids
What is the livers main function
Processs all ingested fats, repackages it as chylomicrons and sends it out fo other tissues to pick up
Where are fats stored for long term storage
Adipose tissues
Why is breakfast so importantq
- Liver stores glucose as glycogen for the entire body to use over a day
- In the morning the livers reserve of glycogen is running low ~ hence why breakfast is so important
How much does the demand for ATP increase after rest to sprint
average 100 folds
What happens when you increase exercise intensity (how and why do the processes switch)
- There is increase in ATP demand and rate of ATP production from fat isn’t able to meet the demand as pathway of beta oxidation and citric acid cycle are slower
- Body begins to rely heavily on oxidation of glucose
- Glycolysis produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation at much greater rate than flux of metabolic intermediates through beta oxidation or citric acid cycle
What does body rely on during intermediate exercise
- relies on a blend of fat and carbohydrate degradation
○Fatty acids and glucose (from liver) continue to supply via the bloodstream
What does the body rely on during Sprinting
fat oxidation provides very little ATP but, the breakdown of glucose through glycolysis provides the greatest portion of ATP along with high energy phosphate called creatine phosphate
○Supply of glucose is not able to keep up with the demand, the muscle turns to its own local and intermediate stores of glycogen for a rapid supply of glucose for glycolysis
What does Creatine Phosphate do
● Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate compound that serves as an energy buffer inside of the cell
○Readily available to buffer ATP levels as they drop during the onset of exercise or high-intensity exercise
○Creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP to replenish ATP levels when they drip
When is creatine madeq
● Creatine is made in our body when we consume meat, some may use creatine supplements
What does Lactate cause
muscle fatigue, cramping, reduces our ability to continue exercise at high level of intensity → cannot sprint for long, lactate slows us down and we exhaust our creatine phosphate stores
What is the cause of type two diabetes
● Dysfunction in insulin signaling, leads to type two diabetes, no cure yet.
What happesn during starvation
○ Fatty acids can be taken up from the bloodstream by the liver and converted into ketone bodies
What happens when ketone bodies are exhausted
●When all our ketone bodies are exhausted, comes protein but not preferred.
○Protein is not stored the same as fat or glucose but we have significant numbers in muscle mass
Why is the break down of protein the last resort
○ Last resort because our bodies will preserve our muscle mass until no options left and need our cells to survive
■ If we break protein before fats and ketone bodies, we will not have muscles to get ourselves food → Mechanism of self-preservation and survival
What is protein broken down into and what is it converted into
- It can be broken down to its amino acid components:
- the glucogenic amino acids will be converted to glucose
- the ketogenic will be converted to ketone bodies
