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Aeronautical Laboratory > Module 1 - Wind Tunnel Familiarization > Flashcards

Module 1 - Wind Tunnel Familiarization Flashcards

1
Q

machines for producing controlled stream of air flowing through tunnels of varying but controlled sizes

A

wind tunnels

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2
Q

enables us to study the effects of bodies moving through air or the resistance to moving air of manufactured models

A

wind tunnels

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3
Q

facilities (circular, elliptical or rectangular tunnels) in which the wind is produced by fans or by compressed air to study and measure the action of the air flow around a solid

A

wind tunnels

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4
Q

part of the circuit where the solid is studied

A

test section

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5
Q

The method of wind tunnel is based on the ________ enunciated by Isaac Newton in 1687.

A

principle of relativity

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6
Q

The object to be tested is ______ in the test section as to prevent the stream of air from moving the object.

A

fastened

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7
Q

the slow-moving layer of air adjacent to any wind-exposed body surface

A

boundary layer

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8
Q

world’s largest wind tunnel at the NASA Ames Research Center

A

Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel

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9
Q

Where is NASA’s Langley Research Center?

A

Hampton, Virginia

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10
Q

first to make use of the “Whirling Arm”

A

Benjamin Robins

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11
Q

this machine had an arm with a length of __ ft spun around by a falling weight acting on a pulley and spindle arrangement

A

whirling arm, 4

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12
Q

The whirling arm brought light as to how different shaped objects, when moving through air is affected differently by air resistance, or _____.

A

drag

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13
Q

What limited Benjamin Robins experiments regarding the whirling arm?

A

the speed the arm can reach

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14
Q

He wrote and published in 1759 a paper that addressed the relationship between pressure and velocity for objects moving in water and air.

A

John Smeaton

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15
Q

Smeaton created what equation

A

drag equation

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16
Q

Father of Aviation

A

George Cayley

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17
Q

Cayley’s whirling arm was ___ ft (1.5 m) long and attained top speeds of about _______ (3 to 6 m/s).

A

5, 10 to 20 ft/s

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18
Q

Two very important factors
that are related to flight identified by Cayley

A

lift and drag

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19
Q

In ______, an unpiloted glider was built and flew successfully based on test data gathered from Cayley’s whirling arm.

A

1804

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20
Q

became famous as the first man to launch himself into the air, fly, and land safely using a glider

A

Otto Lilienthal

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21
Q

Between 1866 and 1889, Lilienthal built several whirling arms, ranging from ______ (2 to 7 m) in diameter.

A

6.5 to 23 ft

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22
Q

What did Otto Lilienthal say?

A

“Sacrifices must be made.”

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23
Q

famous for his automatic machine gun creations

A

Hiram Stevens Maxim

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24
Q

Maxim used a huge whirling arm to test airfoils between 1872 to 1894 in his _________.

A

helicopter experiment

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25
Q

Maxim’s version of the whirling arm had a diameter of ____ with the arm boasting elaborate instrumentation to measure lift, drag, and relative air velocity.

A

64 ft

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26
Q

What can Maxim’s whirling arm measure?

A

lift, drag, relative air velocity

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27
Q

he built a large whirling arm, 60 ft in diameter, and was spun around by ___ engine

A

Samuel Langley, 10-hp

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28
Q

One of Langley’s experiments with the arm attained speeds up to ______.

A

100 mph

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29
Q

first individual to design a wind tunnel

A

Frank H. Wenham

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30
Q

When did Frank H. Wenham build a wind tunnel?

A

1871

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31
Q

How long was Wenham’s wind tunnel and what is its area?

A

12 ft, 18 sqi

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32
Q

In Wenham’s wind tunnel, what drove the air through a duct to the test section where the model was mounted?

A

steam-powered fan

33
Q

Maximum velocity of air in Wenham’s wind tunnel

A

40 mph

34
Q

Two varieties measured in Wenham’s tunnel

A

lift-to-drag ratio, effect of different aspect ratios

35
Q

he began experimenting with lifting curved surfaces in the 1880s

A

Horatio Frederick Phillips

36
Q

He tried to carry out tests similar to Wenham’s with his own wind tunnel

A

Horatio Frederick Phillips

37
Q

he eliminated the problems associated with airflow fluctuation
that troubled Wenham by using a steam injection system to generate the airflow

A

Horatio Frederick Phillips

38
Q

What did Phillips use to eliminate the problem associated with airflow fluctuation?

A

steam injection system

39
Q

built a small wind tunnel at the foot
of the Eiffel Tower to study the effect of the wind on more precise fixed points

A

Gustave Eiffel

40
Q

became an adversary of the Wrights in their legal battles

A

Dr. Albert Francis Zahm

41
Q

In October 1901, their small wind tunnel was created.

A

Wright Brothers

42
Q

first to make use of the “Whirling Arm”

A

Benjamin Robins

43
Q

What is the Drag Equation?

A

D=CD(k)(S)(V^2)

44
Q

Used huge whirling arm to test airfoils

A

Hiram Stevens Maxim

45
Q

used huge whirling arm to test airfoils yet met frustrations and limitations

A

Samuel P. Langley

46
Q

designed the world’s first wind tunnel

A

Francis Herbert Wenham

47
Q

was unimpressed with Francis Wenham’s experiments thus creating his own wind tunnel

A

Horatio Frederick Phillips

48
Q

Classification/Types of Wind Tunnel

A

Speed Regimes, Geometry

49
Q

Types of Wind Tunnel under Geometry

A

open return, closed return, intermittent, continuous

50
Q

Types of Wind Tunnel under Speed Regimes

A

sonic, subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic

51
Q

Speed Regime (Sonic)

A

M = 1.0

52
Q

Speed Regime (Subsonic)

A

0<M<1.0

53
Q

Speed Regime (Transonic)

A

0.8<M<1.2

54
Q

Speed Regime (Supersonic)

A

1.2<M<5.0

55
Q

Speed Regime (Hypersonic)

A

M>5.0

56
Q

These are wind tunnels used to test objects at low Mach numbers or speeds slower than the speed of sound and below sonic speed.

A

Subsonic

57
Q

are wind tunnels used to study high-speed aerodynamic flows around aircraft and to investigate how these flows interact with the stores and other attachments carried and released from the wings and fuselage

A

transonic wind tunnels

58
Q

An open circuit suction subsonic wind tunnel

A

TecQuipment Subsonic Wind Tunnel - AF1300

59
Q

The only independently owned and operated wind tunnel in the United States; a continuous flow, variable density, closed-circuit facility with an 8 ft x 8 ft test section.

A

Calspan Transonic Wind Tunnel

60
Q

Max Mach number of Calspan Transonic Wind Tunnel

A

1.30

61
Q

Designed to conduct research, development, and acceptance testing of supersonic and hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems

A

Glenn Research Center Supersonic Wind Tunnel

62
Q

notable in this regime is the appearance of shock waves

A

supersonic

63
Q

are very small regions in the gas where the gas properties change by a large amount

A

shockwaves

64
Q

most are designed for intermittent instead of continuous operation

A

supersonic wind tunnels

65
Q

these types of wind tunnels are used to test flight characteristics in a hypersonic region of Mach number 5 or more

A

hypersonic

66
Q

other term for open return

A

Eiffel type

67
Q

other term for closed return

A

Prandtl or Göttingen type

68
Q

The open circuit arrangements, collect air upstream is accelerated in a contraction consisting of a conduit of convergent section; low construction cost; superior design for propulsion and smoke visualization; no accumulation of exhaust products in an open tunnel

A

open return or Eiffel type

69
Q

its corners typically consist of 90 degree bends; air circulates continuously within the wind tunnel

A

close return or Prandtl or Göttingen type

70
Q

To limit the pressure losses at the corners and avoid the formation of secondary re-circulating flows in a Close Return, the corners are usually equipped with ______.

A

guide vanes

71
Q

make use of surging air flow at a particular set of intervals

A

intermittent

72
Q

In this type of tunnel, the compressor continuously adds energy to the flow to allow the continuous air flow through the tunnel. As a result, the air is continuously heated.

A

Continuous

73
Q

Elements of a Wind Tunnel

A

test section, contraction cone, diffuser, drive section

74
Q

most delicate part of the tunnel

A

test section

75
Q

part of the wind tunnel where the air flow accelerates

A

contraction cone

76
Q

a divergent section between the test section and the suction fan located downstream of the tunnel

A

diffuser

77
Q

drives the flow of air through the wind tunnel by producing an increase in pressure in the flow

A

drive section

78
Q

determines how the working fluid is moved through the test section

A

drive section

Aeronautical Laboratory (3 decks)

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