Module 1 Volume 2 Chapter 1 Pathopysilogy Flashcards
Integrate comprehensive knowledge of pathophysiology of major human systems
ABO Blood Groups p. 92
Four Blood groups formed by the presence or absence of 2 antigens known as Aand B. A person may have either (type A or type B), both (type AB) or neither (type O). An immuneresponse will be activated whenever a person receices blood containing A or B antigen if this antigen is not already present in his own blood
Acid-Base reaction p 25
any chemical reaction that results in the transfer of protons
Acidosis p 28
a high concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH below 7.35; an excess of acids in the body.
Acids p. 25
substances that give up protons during chemical reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
a high energy compound present in all cells, epsecially muscle cells when splid by enzyme action, it yields energy. energy is stored in ATP
Adipocytes p 63
fat cells
Adipose tissue
fat
Aerobic metabolism
the 2nd stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle) yields a high amount of energy. Aerobic means ‘with oxygen’
afterload p 73
the resistance a contraction of the heart mus overcome in order to eject blood; in cardiac physiology, defined as the tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction)
AIDS p 111
Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a group of signs symptoms and disorders that often develop as a consequence of HIV infection
albumin p45
a protein commonly present in plant and animal tissues. in the blood, albumin works to maintain blood volume and blood pressure and provides colloid osmotic pressure which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries
alkalosis p28
a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above 7.45; an excess of base in the body.
allergy p 107
exaggerated immune response to an environmental antigen
amino acids p18
molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid groups, and varying side chains
amylopectin p 17
a highly branched polymer of glucose; one of two types of starch, the other being amylose
amylose p 17
a linear, unbranched polymer of glycose;one of two types of starch, the other being amylopectin
anabolism p23
the constructive phase of metabolizm, which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm; the synthesis of steroid compounds by the body
anaerobic metabolism p. 76
the first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen in which the breakdown of glucose (in aprocess called glycolysis) produces pyruvic acid and yields very little energy. Anaerobic means ‘without oxygen’
anaphylaxis p.82
a life-threatening allergic reaction; also called anaphylactic shock
anencephaly p.8
a birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
anion p14
an ion with a negative charge-so called because it will be attracted to an anode or positive pole
antibiotics p86
agent that kills or decreases the grouth of bacteria
antibodies p88
a substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen thus preventing infection
antigens p.88
a marker on the surface of a cell that indetifies it as ‘self’ or non-self
antigen-antibody complexes p.93
the substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it; also called immune complex
antigen-presenting cells APCs p97
cells, such as macrophages, that present (express onto their surfaces) portions of the antigens they have digested
antigen processing p.96
1the recognition, ingestion and breakdown of a foreign antigen culminating in production of an antibody to the antigen or in a direct cytotoxic response to the antigen
Apoptosis
response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy intself; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.
atom p.12
the fundamental chemical unit which contains subatomic particles including electrons protons and neutrons.
atomic number p12
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; an element is defined by its atomic number
atrophy p56
a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload
autoimmune disease p9
failure of the immune system to recognize certain tissues normally present in the body resulting in an attack against those tissues by the immune system; autoimmune disease includes rheumatic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmunity p107
an immune response to self-antigens which the body normally tolerates.
B lymphocytes p89
the type of white blood cells that in response to the presence of an antigen produce antibodies that attack the antigen develop a memory for the antigen and confer long term immunity to the antigen
bacteria p.86
(singular bacterium) single-cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. they bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support
Basement Membrane p.61
a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelia, the membranes that line or cover internal and external body surfaces
Bases p.25
substances that acquire protons during chemical reactions
Basophils p104
granular white blood cells that similarly to mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that control constriction and dilation of blood vessels during inflammation
benign p10
not cancerous; not able to spread to other tissues
buffer p27
a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions
Carcinogenesis p.68
a process of developing a cancer
carinoma-in-situ p.58
an early form of cancer in which tumor cells have not yet invaded surrounding tissues
cardiac contractile force p.73
the strength of a contraction of the heart
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute (computed as stroke volume x heart rate)
cardiogenic shock
shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inabilitity of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body
carrier proteins
proteins involved in carrying solutes (ions or molecules) across a biologic membrane
cartilage
a type of connective tissue that provides structure and support to other tissues
cascade
a series of actions triggered by a first action and culminating in a final action–typical of the actions caused by plasma proteins involved in the complement coagulation and kinin systems.
catabolism
the destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that stongly affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems metabolic rate temperature and smooth muscle
cation
an ion with a positive charge so called because it will be attracted to a cathode or negative pole.
cell
the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. a membrane enclosing a thick fluid and nucleus. cells are specialized to carry out all of the body’s basic functions
cell-mediated immunity
the short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes wich directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen
cell membrane
also plasma membrane; the outer covering of a cell
cellular adaptation
physiologic or structural changes to a cell in response to change or stress or a pathological condition
cellular respiration
metabolic processes with a cell that convert nutrients to energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate and that subsequently release waste products from the cell
cellulose
a polysaccharide polymer with glucose as its monomer that is the major strucural material of plants
centrioles
cylindrical structures within cells that play important role in cell division
chemoreceptors
sensory receptors that detect and act on chemical signals–for example, sensing a change in carbon dioxide levels in the blood and responding by causing an increase in respiratory rate to expel the excess carbon dioxide from the body
chemotactic factors
chemicals that attract white cells to the site of inflammation a process called chemotaxis
chemotaxis
attracting white cells to the site of inflammation
chromatin
a combination of DNA and other proteins in the nucleus of a cell that condenses to form chromasomes
chromosomes
threadlike structures within the nuclei of cells that carry genetic information
chronic
slow in the onset persisting over a long period of time as in a chronic disease
cilia
threadlike projections from the surface of cells that move back and forth and can sweep debris such as mucus or dust away from the cell
cisternae
saclike structures within the body cells that form part of the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus an act as carrier vessels that transport proteins from the RER ro the Golgi apparatus for furthur processing
citric acid cycle
a key phase of glucose metabolism requiring the presence of oxygen in which pyruvic acid a product of the breakdown of glucose is oxidized resulting in the release of energy in the form of ATP and carbon dioxide as waste. Also called kreps cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
clinical presentation
The manifestation of a disease; the signs and symptoms of a disease
clonal diversity
the development of receptors, by Blymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow, for every possible type of antigen
clonal selection
the process by which a specific antigen reacts with the appropriate receptors on the surface of immature B lymphocytes therby activating them and prompting them to proliferate differentiate and produce antibodies to the activating antigen
coagulation system
a plasma protein system that results in formation of a protein called fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off an infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding and serves as a foundation for repair and healing of a wound.
coenzymes
non protein substances that bind to enzyme proteins to assist them in biochemical transformations.
cofactors
see coenzymes
collagen
proteins that are the main component of connective tissue
colloid
intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes
compensated shock
early stage of shock during which the body’s compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusions
complement system
a group of plasma proteins (the complement proteins) that are dormant in the blood until activated as by antigen-antibody complex formation by products released by bacteria or by components of other plasma protein systems. when activated, the complement system is involved in most of the events of inflammatory response
complications
abnormalities or conditions that result from another orginal disease or problem
compound
chemical union of two or more elements
concentration gradient
the gradual change in concentration of a solution over a distance within the solution
congenital metabolic disease
diseases affecting the metabolism that are present from birth
connective tissues
the most abundant body tissue it provides support connection and insulation examples bone cartilage fat blood
contraction
inward movement of wound edges during healing that eventually brings the wound edges together
cortisol
a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium and proteins and also has an anti-inflammatory effect
covalent bond
force holding atoms together that results when atoms share electrons
cristae
folds within mutochondria that form shelves within the mitochondria
crystalloids
intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid
cytokines
proteins produced by white blood cells that regulate immune responses by binding with and affecting the function of the cells that produced them or of other nearby cells
cytoplasm
1
cytoskeleton
1
cytotoxic
1
debridement
1
decompensated shock
1
degranulation
1
dehydration
1
delayed hypersensitivity reactions
1
denaturation
1
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1
Diagnosis
1
diapedesis
1
disaccharides
1
disease
1
dissociate
1
Dissociation Reaction
1
dynamic steady state
1
dysplasia
1
dysplastic
1
ectoderm
1
edema
1
electrolyte
1
electrons
1
electron shells
1
electron transport chain
1
element
1
endocrine secretions
1
endocytosis
1
endoderm
1
endoplasmic reticulum
1
endotoxins
1
enzymes
1
enzyme-substrate complex
1
eosinophils
1
epithelial tissue
1
epithealialization
1
epithelium
1
erythrocytes
1
etiology
1
eukaryotic cells
1
exocrine secretions
1
exocytosis
1
exotoxins
1
extracellular fluid ECF
1
exudate
1
facilitated diffusion
1
fermentation
1
fibroblasts
1
fick principle
1
filtration
1
flagella
1
free radicals
1
free water
1
fructose
1
galactose
1
general adaptation syndrome GAS
1
germ layers
1
glucose
1
glycogen
1
glycogenolysis
1
glycolysis
1
golgi apparatus
1
