Module 1 The cell and its organelles

Question 1

what is 7 properties of all living organisms?

Answer 1

—cellular organization
—energy and metabolism
—reproduction
—heredity and evolution
—grouwth and development
—regulation and homeostasis
—response to stimuli

Question 2

The importance of the 4 main elements(C,O,H,N)

Answer 2

—Constitute the majority of biological molecules:
carbohydrates
proteins
fatty acids
nucleic acids

Question 3

What is a cell?

Answer 3

—A cell is the basic structural, function, biological unit of organisms.
—It is the smallest unit of life.
—All cells derive from pre-existing cells.
—All organisms are made of cells(one or more)

Question 4

What is central dogma?

Answer 4

–The sequential information is transferred from nucleic acid to nucleic acid or from nucleic acid to protein, but the transfer from protein to protein or from protein to nucleic acid is not possible.
–The genetic information encoded in DNA can be transferred to other DNA molecules. RNA molecules can transfer their information into DNA.

Question 5

What are advantages of multicellularity?

Answer 5

—increase in the surface area for diffusion
—longer lifespan
—specialization of cells into cell types, tissues and organs
—protection, deeding, locomotion, reproduction

Question 6

Four microscopy

Answer 6

—Light microscopes 普通的
—TEM Transmission Electron Microscope 放大的
—SEM Scanning Electron Microscope 立体的
—Fluorescence microscope 颜色的

Question 7

calculate the surface to volume ratio

Answer 7

—S/V With increasing cell size the cell volume increases more rapidly than its surface area

Question 8

Compare different volume ratio

Answer 8

–bigger cells have a smaller surface to volume ratio
—Because diffusion across the membrane depends on its surface area, exchanges between the cell and the environment are more efficient for smaller cell.

Question 9

Predict whether an adaptation can either maximize or minimize the surface to volume ratio.

Answer 9

—bigger body size: higher heat conservation/lower exchange
—smaller body size; higher metabolic activity/more exchange

Question 10

structures of prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

—cell wall
—plasma membrane
—nucleoid
—ribosomes
—capsule
—flagella

Question 11

structures of eukaryotic cells

Answer 11

—cell wall(plants)
—plasma membrane
—nucleus
—orga

Question 12

Differentiate bacterial cells, animal cells and plant cells

Answer 12

cell walls are different
—Bacterial cells: peptidoglycan
—archaea : pseudomurein
—plants: cellulose
—animals: no but Extracelllular matrix(ECM)

Question 13

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 13

—In prokaryotes:
no nucleus
nucleoid ( circular chromosome)
no organelles
Cytoplasm made of cytosol
asexual (binary fission)
Flagellum inserted in the plasma membrane

—in eukaryotes;
cytoplasm includes cytosol, organelles(except nucleus ), inclusions
nucleus with linear chromosomes
sexual and asexual (mitosis, meiosis)
projects from the cytoskeleton and covered by the plasma membrane

Question 14

Features only found in eukaryotes

Answer 14

—chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins (histone)
—Complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles
—Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration
—Proteins and filaments of the cytoskeletal syste as well as motor proteins.
—Ability to ingest particulate material by enclosure within plasma membrane vesicles (phagocytosis
—Presence of two copies of genes per cell (diploidy)

Question 15

similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 15

—Genetic information encoded in DNA and using a genetic code
—Plasma membrane made of a bilayer of phospholipids
—Similar mechanism transcription and translation of genetic information, photosynthesis, synthesizing and inserting membrane proteins
—Presence of a cytoskeleton
—Similar process for the conversion of chemical energy into ATP
—Shared metabolic pathways

Question 16

the function of Nucleus

Answer 16

organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

Question 17

the function of Nucleolus

Answer 17

Specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm

Question 18

the function of Pore complexes

Answer 18

regulate the entry and exit of nucleic acids and proteins

Question 19

the function of ribosome.

Question 20

the function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 20

membranous network of sacs that are continuous with the
outer nuclear membrane

Question 21

the function of Rough ER

Answer 21

—ribosome-studded
—Synthesis of proteins that are secreted by the cell or or sent to other parts of the cell

Question 22

the function of Smooth ER

Answer 22

—ribosome-free
— contains many enzymes responsible for many metabolisms
—Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroid, cholesterol, carbohydrate metabolism
—Detoxification
— Calcium storage

Question 23

the function of Golgi apparatus GA

Answer 23

—manufactures, receives, sorts, modifies, ships many molecules.
Vesicles arrive from the ER, fuse with the GA membranes and leave the GA (cis-to-trans direction)
—Proteins can mature in the GA

Question 24

the function of Lysosome

Answer 24

— digestive organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes (digestion of macromolecules)
—Its content is very acid and lytic enzymes work at a low pH (between 4.5 and 5).

Question 25

the function of Peroxisome

Answer 25

—Break fatty acids down into smaller molecules for cellular respiration (mitochondria)
—Detoxification by oxidizing alcohol and other harmful compounds.
—producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 26

the function of Vacuole

Answer 26

—Storage of nutritious molecules
—Cell growth, structural support and tendrils (climbing
stems) through the increase in cell volume
—Large vesicles derived from the ER and GA

Question 27

the function of Membranes in Mito and Chlo

Answer 27

—Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles with a double membrane (derived from endosymbiosis)
—The plasma membrane constitutes a selective barrier with the environment.

Question 28

The function of Mitochondrion

Answer 28

— converts chemical energy acquired from the environment (ex: glucose) into chemical energy that is directly usable by the cell (ATP).

Question 29

The function of Chloroplast

Answer 29

—Double membrane-bound organelle that converts solar energy acquired from sunlight into chemical energy (ex: glucose) that can then be converted by the mitochondrion into energy that is directly usable by the cell (ATP).

Question 30

Explain how two organelles can be associated based on their cellular functions.

Question 31

Describe the path of information/molecules through various organelles.

Question 32

Describe Endosymbiosis

Answer 32

— a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism.
—The mitochondria and the chloroplasts are organelles derived from prokaryotes that were integrated inside the cell of another prokaryote through endosymbiosis

Question 33

chemical reactions occurring in a mitochondrion

Answer 33

Energy+6 CO2+6H2O—->C6H2O6+6O2

Question 34

chemical reactions occurring in a a chloroplast.

Answer 34

C6H2O6+6O2—>6CO2+6H2O+Energy

Question 35

Compare the structure and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 35

—Energy Transfer
—Chloroplasts have Plastids
—plants