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Human Anatomy and Physiology IA > Module 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Module 1: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The Biomolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • provide energy for body

- contain C, O, H

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3
Q

Lipids

A
  • important structural component
  • energy source/storage
  • chemical messenger
  • contain C, O, H
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4
Q

Proteins

A
  • support
  • movement
  • transport
  • metabolic regulation
  • defense
  • coordination and control
  • contain C, O, H, N
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5
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • stores genetic information
  • performs protein synthesis
  • contain C, O, H, N, P
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6
Q

Function of nucleus

A
  • stores genetic material
  • regulates DNA activity
  • produces ribosomal subunits
  • site of ribosomal RNA is nucleolus
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7
Q

Different types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin
- active DNA, dispersed
Heterochromatin
- inactive DNA, condensed

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8
Q

Cell membrane proteins

A

Anchoring proteins
- enable membrane to interact w/ cytoskeleton and external structure
Recognition proteins
- identification system of cell
Receptor proteins
- specific structures, bind to ligands
Carrier proteins
- allow molecules to transfer across membrane
Channels/Transport proteins
- allow entry and exit of substances in large volume

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9
Q

feedback

A

relationship between sensory receptors and responding effectors

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10
Q

negative feedback

A

effector acts to oppose message issued by initial stimulus

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11
Q

positive feedback

A

results in enhancement and escalation of intial stimulus

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12
Q

atom

A

smallest stable unit of matter

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13
Q

element

A

a pure substance, consisting only of atoms with the same atomic number

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14
Q

molecule

A

atoms joined together by a bond

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15
Q

nucleus structure and function

A
  • houses genetic material, regulates expression of genes, produces ribosomal subunits
  • usually most prominent feature, nuclear envelope, nucleolus
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16
Q

nucleolus structure and function

A
  • not surrounded by membrane, spherical dark body

- site of rRNA synthesis

17
Q

nuclear envelope structure and function

A
  • double membrane with openings (nuclear pores)

- allows communication into nucleus

18
Q

chromatin

A

compacted DNA wrapped around protein, packed into chromosomes

19
Q

euchromatin

A

active DNA, lightly stained, dispersed

20
Q

heterochromatin

A

inactive, highly condensed

21
Q

main steps of transcription

A
  • DNA uncoils
  • Gene sequence is exposed
  • mRNA strand is assembled by enzymes
22
Q

main steps of translation

A
  • initiation
    mRNA binds to ribosome
    tRNA delivers amino acids
  • elongation
    Amino acids link to form polypeptide chain
  • termination
    Proteins are released and further modified
23
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

proteins dictate everything that happens in our cells and the structure of our body

24
Q

Structure and function of cytosol

A
  • varies in composition and consistency

- intracellular fluid surrounding organelles

25
Q

Structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • Contain high content of RNA; attach to RER; consists of small subunit and large subunit
  • Sites of protein synthesis
26
Q

Structure and function of rough ER

A
  • continuous with nuclear envelope studded with ribosomes

- responsible for structural modification of proteins

27
Q

Structure and function of smooth ER

A
  • lacks ribosomes

- contain unique enzymes that synthesise fatty acids & steroids

28
Q

Structure and function of golgi complex

A
  • 2 surfaces (entry and exit); 3 - 20 cisternae (small flattened membranous sacs)
  • sorts and packages proteins exiting RER
29
Q

Structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membrane bound organelles containing water/proteins/enzymes/hormones/wastes
  • Carrier (transport) and delivery (secretory)
30
Q

Structure and function of mitochondria

A
  • Double membrane; Contains mitochondrial DNA ; Inward folds called cristae; Inner space called matrix
  • Site of ATP production
31
Q

Structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • Membrane enclosed vesicles formed from Golgi complex

- Contain many enzymes that break down molecules

32
Q

Structure and function of cytoskeletons

A
  • Skeleton/framework of the cell

- Provides strength and shape, enables movement

Human Anatomy and Physiology IA (1 decks)

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