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PA > Module 1: THE BODY > Flashcards

Module 1: THE BODY Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the functional relevance of a structure

No additional information

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2
Q

Functional Morphology

A

The relationship between structure and function

No additional information

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3
Q

True or False

All the above dictate homeostasis and disruptions result in disease (i.e., pathology)

A

True

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4
Q

What are the 6 requirements for survival?

A

Water

Homeostatic balance of body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Appropriate physiologic pH

Nutrients

Electrolytes

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5
Q

Water

A

Most abundant and makes up most cells, provides the environment needed for chemical reactions

No additional information

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6
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

i.e., concentration of gases to allow for gas exchange with the lungs (air is ~80% nitrogen)

No additional information

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7
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and building of cells

Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium

No additional information

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Major source of energy

No additional information

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Needed for cell building and cell chemistry

No additional information

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11
Q

Fats

A

Long-term energy storage

No additional information

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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental changes which is maintained by the contribution of all organ systems.

Homeostasis means balance or equilibrium. It is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes

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13
Q

What are examples of homeostasis?

A
  • Body temperature
  • Sweating (when we’re hot)
  • Erector pilli muscles (when we’re cold to warm us up)
  • Blood pH
  • Heart rate
  • Respiratory rate

No additional information

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14
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Observation of structures at the level of the unaided eye (anatomy with the scalpel)

e.g., observations of the innervation patterns of skeletal muscle and studying the juncture of cystic duct v bile duct

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15
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Dissection

No additional information

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16
Q

Radiological anatomy

A

non-invasive imaging

No additional information

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17
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

e.g., cardiovascular

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18
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region

e.g., abdominopelvic

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19
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

‘Carnegie’ stages

No additional information

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20
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue; e,g, dermatological lesions

Concerns tissue and cellular anatomy

e.g., goblet cells of the colon

e.g., rods v cones within the mammalian retina

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21
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Studies structure with the use of electron microscopy

e.g., mitochondria number in skeletal muscle

e.g., the microvillus surface of intestinal epithelium

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22
Q

Other observations of anatomy

A

involve various noninvasive ‘imaging’ techniques that provide for photographic or computed reconstructed images

e.g., X-rays, MRI, Cat scan, PET scan

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23
Q

True or false

Not all people have ‘normal’ position of organs

A

True

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24
Q

Situs solitus

A

normal arrangement

No additional information

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25
Q

Situs inversus

A

reversed position of organs

Transposition of the great vessels of the heart

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26
Q

What is an example of situs inversus?

A

Transposition of the great vessels of the heart

Oxygenated blood goes to the lungs, deoxygenated goes to the body (opposite of what is normal)

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27
Q

Situs perversus

A

one organ atypically positioned

No additional information

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28
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

circulatory

lymphatic

respiratory

digestive

urinary

male & female reproductive

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29
Q

True or false

Combining names of two systems provides the relationships between two systems (e.g., musculoskeletal system, cardiopulmonary system, urogenital system, etc.)

A

True

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30
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A

Body erect with feet flat & slightly angled outward; arms straight and palms forward

No additional information

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31
Q

Frontal plane

A

front and back

No additional information

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32
Q

Sagittal plane

A

side/side

No additional information

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33
Q

Transverse plane

A

top/bottom

No additional information

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34
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front of the body

The sternum is anterior to the heart

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35
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back of the body

The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

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36
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the anterior side

The abdomen is the ventral side of the body

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37
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the posterior side

The scapulae are dorsal to the rib cage

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38
Q

Superior

A

Above

The heart is superior to the diaphragm

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39
Q

Inferior

A

Below

The liver is inferior to the diaphragm

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40
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head or superior end

The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain

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41
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the forehead or nose

The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem

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42
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

The spinal cord is caudal to the brain

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43
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

The heart is medial to the lungs

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44
Q

True or false
In humans only; definition differs for other animals. In human anatomy, anterior and posterior are usually used in place of ventral and dorsal.

A

True

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45
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

The eyes are lateral to the nose

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46
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

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47
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers

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48
Q

Ispilateral

A

On the same side of the body

The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix

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49
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

The spleen is contralateral to the liver

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50
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the body surface

The skin is superficial to the muscles

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51
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the body surface

The bones are deep to the muscles

52
Q

Palmar

A

Towards the palm

53
Q

Volar

A

Towards the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot

54
Q

Plantar

A

Towards the sole of the foot

55
Q

Unilateral

A

Only on one side of the body

56
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides of the body

57
Q

Varus

A

Medial deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint

bow legs

58
Q

Valgus

A

Lateral deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint

knocked knees

59
Q

Axial region

A

Head
Neck (cervical region)
Trunk (thoracic region, abdominal region)

60
Q

How many quadrants is the abdomen divided into?

A

Four quadrants [lines that cross the umbilicus]
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

61
Q

The “landmarks” of the abdomen

A

Midclavicular line Subcostal line Intertubercular line

62
Q

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

A

Right lobe of the liver Gallbladder Right kidney Portions of stomach Small and large intestine

63
Q

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A

Left lobe of liver Stomach Pancreas Left kidney Spleen Portions of large intestine

64
Q

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A

Cecum Vermiform appendix Portions of small intestine Reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male) Right ureter

65
Q

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A

Most of small intestine Portions of large intestine Left ureter Reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

66
Q

Nine regions of the abdomen

A

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

67
Q

What does the appendicular region consist of?

A

The upper and lower limbs

68
Q

Upper limbs

A

Arm (brachial) e.g. brachial artery Forearm (antebrachial) Wrist (carpal) Hand (manus) Fingers (digits)

69
Q

Lower limbs

A

Thigh (femoral) Leg (crural) Ankle (tarsal) Foot (pedal)

70
Q

Four major body cavities

A

Cranial Vertebral Thoracic Abdominopelvic

71
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Heart and lungs

72
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity

73
Q

The pericardial cavity sets inside the ____

A

Mediastinum

74
Q

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

A

Spinal cord

75
Q

What does the cranial cavity contain?

A

Brain

76
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

77
Q

Cavities are lined with ________ and contain fluid

A

epithelial membranes

78
Q

The cranial cavity is enclosed by ___

A

the cranium

79
Q

The vertebral canal is enclosed by ___

A

the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

80
Q

Both cranial cavity and vertebral canal are lined by

A

meninges (dura mater) a protection and anchoring of the spinal cord of brain

81
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

A

-Divided into several smaller cavities - Pleural cavity - Mediastinum - Pericardial cavity

82
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

It contains lungs with visceral and parietal pleura.

83
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

It contains the heart, visceral and parietal pericardium, and pericardial fluid

84
Q

What does pericardial fluid do?

A

Allows movement of visceral and parietal pericardium across each other. Minimizes friction between the layers of the pericardium as they rub against each other with every heartbeat.

85
Q

Parietal always means ____

A

lining the wall

86
Q

Visceral always means _____

A

lining the organ itself

87
Q

Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

-Superior portion -Contains most of the digestive organs -Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters

88
Q

Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Pelvic cavity -Inferior portion -Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs Here we have the visceral and parietal peritoneum

89
Q

Visceral always means _____

A

lining the organ itself

Example sentence: Visceral pericardium covers the heart

90
Q

Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Superior portion
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters

91
Q

Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Inferior portion
Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

92
Q

What are the 5 smaller cavities?

A

Orbital cavity
Oral cavity
Nasal Cavity
Middle Ear Cavity
Synovial Cavity

93
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

Filters, warms, and moistens air

Additional information: Helps to filter out pathogens that are attempting to enter our lungs

94
Q

Flexion

A

Towards the anterior

95
Q

Extension

A

Towards the posterior

96
Q

Abduction

A

Away from the midline

97
Q

Adduction

A

Towards the midline

98
Q

Rotation

A

Rotational movement along the axis

99
Q

Circumduction

A

Combined flexion/extension/abduction/adduction in a circular pattern

100
Q

Internal (medial) rotation

A

Rotation towards the central axis of the body

101
Q

Elevation

A

Towards the superior direction

102
Q

Depression

A

Towards the inferior direction

103
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm with the palm anterior / facing up

104
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm with the palm posterior / facing down

105
Q

Inversion

A

Rotation of the ankle towards the midline

106
Q

Eversion

A

Rotation of the ankle away from the midline

107
Q

Protusion

A

Movement of the jaw anteriorly

108
Q

Occlusion

A

Closing of the jaw

109
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb across the palm

110
Q

Imaging often used in medicine

A

X-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron emission testing (PET) Scan

111
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems

112
Q

Homeostatic control of variables involves three components:

A
  1. Receptor (sensor)
    Monitors environment
    Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)
  2. Control center
    Determines set point at which variable is maintained
    Receives input from receptor
    Determines appropriate response (increase or decrease)
  3. Factors that can change include (effectors): blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume (pressure), hormone levels, ion content, metabolic rate, etc.
113
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback counteracts a change, bringing the value of a parameter back towards it set point.

Example sentence: Regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors

114
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback is when a response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment

115
Q

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology and identify several branches of each.

A

Anatomy is the study of the structural basis of body function.
Physiology is the study of functional relevance of a structure.
Branches: Gross anatomy, surface anatomy, radiological anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, developmental anatomy.

116
Q

Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization.

A

Cell > organelles > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

Cell >
The smallest unit of life.

Organelles >
Any specialized structure within a cell that perform a specific function

Tissue >
Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Organ >
Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.

Organ system >
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

Organism >
Living being that has cellular structure and that can independently perform physiologic functions necessary for life.

117
Q

Identify the functional characteristics of human life.

A

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction

118
Q

Identify the four requirements for human survival.

A

Oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure

119
Q

X-ray

A

A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation that produce images of the structures inside your body, especially bones.

Example sentence: X-rays are commonly used to diagnose fractures

120
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

A noninvasive imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced-cross-sectional x-ray image is obtained, including bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues.

Example sentence: CT scans are useful in detecting tumors

121
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.

Example sentence: MRIs are commonly used to diagnose brain disorders

122
Q

Positron Emission tomography (PET)

A

Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.

123
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.

Aneurysms, MS, stroke, spinal cord disorders, tumors, blood vessel issues, joint or tendon injuries

124
Q

Positron Emission tomography (PET)

A

Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.

Cancer, heart disease, CAD, alzheimer’s disease, seizures, epilepsy, parkinson’s disease

125
Q

Ultrasonography

A

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency ultrasonic waves to produce images of organs and structures within the body. Least invasive.

More freely used in pregnancy, breast lumps, genital/prostate issues, joint inflammation, blood flow problems, used to guide biopsies

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