Module 1: THE BODY Flashcards
Physiology
Study of the functional relevance of a structure
No additional information
Functional Morphology
The relationship between structure and function
No additional information
True or False
All the above dictate homeostasis and disruptions result in disease (i.e., pathology)
True
What are the 6 requirements for survival?
Water
Homeostatic balance of body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Appropriate physiologic pH
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Water
Most abundant and makes up most cells, provides the environment needed for chemical reactions
No additional information
Atmospheric pressure
i.e., concentration of gases to allow for gas exchange with the lungs (air is ~80% nitrogen)
No additional information
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and building of cells
Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins
Electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium
No additional information
Carbohydrates
Major source of energy
No additional information
Proteins
Needed for cell building and cell chemistry
No additional information
Fats
Long-term energy storage
No additional information
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental changes which is maintained by the contribution of all organ systems.
Homeostasis means balance or equilibrium. It is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes
What are examples of homeostasis?
- Body temperature
- Sweating (when we’re hot)
- Erector pilli muscles (when we’re cold to warm us up)
- Blood pH
- Heart rate
- Respiratory rate
No additional information
Gross Anatomy
Observation of structures at the level of the unaided eye (anatomy with the scalpel)
e.g., observations of the innervation patterns of skeletal muscle and studying the juncture of cystic duct v bile duct
Surface anatomy
Dissection
No additional information
Radiological anatomy
non-invasive imaging
No additional information
Systemic anatomy
The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
e.g., cardiovascular
Regional anatomy
The study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region
e.g., abdominopelvic
Developmental anatomy
‘Carnegie’ stages
No additional information
Histology
Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue; e,g, dermatological lesions
Concerns tissue and cellular anatomy
e.g., goblet cells of the colon
e.g., rods v cones within the mammalian retina
Ultrastructure
Studies structure with the use of electron microscopy
e.g., mitochondria number in skeletal muscle
e.g., the microvillus surface of intestinal epithelium
Other observations of anatomy
involve various noninvasive ‘imaging’ techniques that provide for photographic or computed reconstructed images
e.g., X-rays, MRI, Cat scan, PET scan
True or false
Not all people have ‘normal’ position of organs
True
Situs solitus
normal arrangement
No additional information
Situs inversus
reversed position of organs
Transposition of the great vessels of the heart
What is an example of situs inversus?
Transposition of the great vessels of the heart
Oxygenated blood goes to the lungs, deoxygenated goes to the body (opposite of what is normal)
Situs perversus
one organ atypically positioned
No additional information
What are the 11 organ systems?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male & female reproductive
True or false
Combining names of two systems provides the relationships between two systems (e.g., musculoskeletal system, cardiopulmonary system, urogenital system, etc.)
True
Standard Anatomical Position
Body erect with feet flat & slightly angled outward; arms straight and palms forward
No additional information
Frontal plane
front and back
No additional information
Sagittal plane
side/side
No additional information
Transverse plane
top/bottom
No additional information
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
The sternum is anterior to the heart
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea
Ventral
Toward the anterior side
The abdomen is the ventral side of the body
Dorsal
Toward the posterior side
The scapulae are dorsal to the rib cage
Superior
Above
The heart is superior to the diaphragm
Inferior
Below
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm
Cephalic
Toward the head or superior end
The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain
Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem
Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
The spinal cord is caudal to the brain
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
The heart is medial to the lungs
True or false
In humans only; definition differs for other animals. In human anatomy, anterior and posterior are usually used in place of ventral and dorsal.
True
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
The eyes are lateral to the nose
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers
Ispilateral
On the same side of the body
The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
The spleen is contralateral to the liver
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
The skin is superficial to the muscles
Deep
Farther from the body surface
The bones are deep to the muscles
Palmar
Towards the palm
Volar
Towards the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
Plantar
Towards the sole of the foot
Unilateral
Only on one side of the body
Bilateral
On both sides of the body
Varus
Medial deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint
bow legs
Valgus
Lateral deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint
knocked knees
Axial region
Head
Neck (cervical region)
Trunk (thoracic region, abdominal region)
How many quadrants is the abdomen divided into?
Four quadrants [lines that cross the umbilicus]
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
The “landmarks” of the abdomen
Midclavicular line Subcostal line Intertubercular line
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of the liver Gallbladder Right kidney Portions of stomach Small and large intestine
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver Stomach Pancreas Left kidney Spleen Portions of large intestine
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum Vermiform appendix Portions of small intestine Reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male) Right ureter
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Most of small intestine Portions of large intestine Left ureter Reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Nine regions of the abdomen
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
What does the appendicular region consist of?
The upper and lower limbs
Upper limbs
Arm (brachial) e.g. brachial artery Forearm (antebrachial) Wrist (carpal) Hand (manus) Fingers (digits)
Lower limbs
Thigh (femoral) Leg (crural) Ankle (tarsal) Foot (pedal)
Four major body cavities
Cranial Vertebral Thoracic Abdominopelvic
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
Heart and lungs
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
The pericardial cavity sets inside the ____
Mediastinum
What does the vertebral cavity contain?
Spinal cord
What does the cranial cavity contain?
Brain
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Cavities are lined with ________ and contain fluid
epithelial membranes
The cranial cavity is enclosed by ___
the cranium
The vertebral canal is enclosed by ___
the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
Both cranial cavity and vertebral canal are lined by
meninges (dura mater) a protection and anchoring of the spinal cord of brain
What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
-Divided into several smaller cavities - Pleural cavity - Mediastinum - Pericardial cavity
What does the pleural cavity contain?
It contains lungs with visceral and parietal pleura.
What does the pericardial cavity contain?
It contains the heart, visceral and parietal pericardium, and pericardial fluid
What does pericardial fluid do?
Allows movement of visceral and parietal pericardium across each other. Minimizes friction between the layers of the pericardium as they rub against each other with every heartbeat.
Parietal always means ____
lining the wall
Visceral always means _____
lining the organ itself
Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?
-Superior portion -Contains most of the digestive organs -Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters
Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Pelvic cavity -Inferior portion -Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs Here we have the visceral and parietal peritoneum
Visceral always means _____
lining the organ itself
Example sentence: Visceral pericardium covers the heart
Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Superior portion
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters
Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Inferior portion
Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
What are the 5 smaller cavities?
Orbital cavity
Oral cavity
Nasal Cavity
Middle Ear Cavity
Synovial Cavity
What does the nasal cavity do?
Filters, warms, and moistens air
Additional information: Helps to filter out pathogens that are attempting to enter our lungs
Flexion
Towards the anterior
Extension
Towards the posterior
Abduction
Away from the midline
Adduction
Towards the midline
Rotation
Rotational movement along the axis
Circumduction
Combined flexion/extension/abduction/adduction in a circular pattern
Internal (medial) rotation
Rotation towards the central axis of the body
Elevation
Towards the superior direction
Depression
Towards the inferior direction
Supination
Rotation of the forearm with the palm anterior / facing up
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm with the palm posterior / facing down
Inversion
Rotation of the ankle towards the midline
Eversion
Rotation of the ankle away from the midline
Protusion
Movement of the jaw anteriorly
Occlusion
Closing of the jaw
Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm
Imaging often used in medicine
X-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron emission testing (PET) Scan
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Homeostatic control of variables involves three components:
- Receptor (sensor)
Monitors environment
Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables) - Control center
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response (increase or decrease) - Factors that can change include (effectors): blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume (pressure), hormone levels, ion content, metabolic rate, etc.
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback counteracts a change, bringing the value of a parameter back towards it set point.
Example sentence: Regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback is when a response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology and identify several branches of each.
Anatomy is the study of the structural basis of body function.
Physiology is the study of functional relevance of a structure.
Branches: Gross anatomy, surface anatomy, radiological anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, developmental anatomy.
Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization.
Cell > organelles > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
Cell >
The smallest unit of life.
Organelles >
Any specialized structure within a cell that perform a specific function
Tissue >
Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Organ >
Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
Organ system >
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
Organism >
Living being that has cellular structure and that can independently perform physiologic functions necessary for life.
Identify the functional characteristics of human life.
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction
Identify the four requirements for human survival.
Oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure
X-ray
A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation that produce images of the structures inside your body, especially bones.
Example sentence: X-rays are commonly used to diagnose fractures
Computed tomography (CT)
A noninvasive imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced-cross-sectional x-ray image is obtained, including bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues.
Example sentence: CT scans are useful in detecting tumors
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.
Example sentence: MRIs are commonly used to diagnose brain disorders
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.
Aneurysms, MS, stroke, spinal cord disorders, tumors, blood vessel issues, joint or tendon injuries
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.
Cancer, heart disease, CAD, alzheimer’s disease, seizures, epilepsy, parkinson’s disease
Ultrasonography
An imaging technique that uses high-frequency ultrasonic waves to produce images of organs and structures within the body. Least invasive.
More freely used in pregnancy, breast lumps, genital/prostate issues, joint inflammation, blood flow problems, used to guide biopsies
