Module 1 (Synthesis Of Elements Seconds After Big Bang An

Question 1

X-rays in December 1895 after seven weeks of assiduous work during which he had studied the properties of this new type of radiation able to go through screens of notable thickness. He named them X-rays to underline the fact that their nature was unknown.

Answer 1

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Question 2

accidentally discovered spon- taneous radiation when he placed uranium salts along with photographic plates in a drawer.

Answer 2

Antoine Henri Becquerel

Question 3

She discovered polonium and radium, championed the use of radiation in medicine and fundamentally changed understanding of radioactivity. our

Answer 3

Marie Curie

Question 4

All matter is made up of atoms.

The word atom comes from the Greek word “_____” which means _____

Answer 4

Atomos, Indivisible

Question 5

The idea of the atom evolved from a tiny indivisible sphere into a tiny particle that has a dense core called the ______ where ______ and _____ found

Answer 5

Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons

Question 6

Surrounding the nucleus are

Answer 6

Electrons

Question 7

is equal to the number of protons in an atom

Answer 7

atomic number, subscript A,

Question 8

is equal to the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons.

Answer 8

atomic mass, superscript Z

Question 9

is the spontaneous release of energy and particles from the nucleus of an atom. This would only mean that an atom should undergo nuclear transformation.

Answer 9

Radioactivity

Question 10

is a change in the nuclei of an atom through radioactive decay or through the reaction with another type of nuclei or with a neutron.

Answer 10

Nuclear transformation

Question 11

are the ones that undergo nuclear transformation.

Answer 11

Unstable atoms

Question 12

Nuclear transformation could be

Answer 12

nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.

Question 13

the nucleus of a heavy atom will separate into two or more light nuclei. may be induced by bombarding it with a neutron as shown in the figure. It can also occur spontaneously.

Answer 13

Nuclear fission

Question 14

is a process where two or more nucleus of a light atom combine to form a heavy nucleus. Synthesis of elements in the stars is a nuclear fusion process

Answer 14

Nuclear fusion

Question 15

is a spontaneous process of nuclear transformation that accompanies radiation of alpha, beta or gamma.

Answer 15

Radioactive decay

Question 16

involves the ejection of two neutrons and two protons. This process stabilizes the atom.

Answer 16

Alpha Decay

Question 17

why helium atom is found in the product side of an alpha decay equation?

Answer 17

It is because an alpha particle is a helium-like particle.

Question 18

involves the ejection of a high-speed electron or beta particle. The beta particle ejected might be a negative beta particle or a positive beta particle called positron.

Answer 18

Beta decay

Question 19

involves the emission of gamma rays which are high energy and high frequency rays. It is the only radiation type involved in nuclear transformation that is not a particle rather it is an electromagnetic form of energy.

Answer 19

Gamma Decay

Question 20

paved the way of the idea of a tiny, indivisible atom

Answer 20

Democritus and Leucippus

Question 21

The characteristics are atomic number and atomic maes. They are often written along with the symbol of the name of the element celled an

Answer 21

isotopic notation

Question 22

Because of the discovery made by _____ we now came to learn that inside the nucleus are protons and neutrons

Answer 22

Chadwick and Goldstein

Question 23

The beta particle ejected might be a negative beta particle or a positive beta particle called .

Answer 23

positron

Question 24

is the only radiation type involved in nuclear transformation that is not a particle rather it is an electromagnetic form of energy. Almost all alpha and beta decay is accompanied by gamtna radiation.

Answer 24

Gamma ray

Question 25

states that the universe started as a small dense hot matter that undergoes inflation.

Answer 25

big bang theory

Question 26

A star is any massive celestial bodies of _____mostly (Hydrogen and Helium) that produces heat and light due to nuclear fusion going on in its core.

Answer 26

Plasma

Question 27

All stars are formed in a _____ which is a cloud of gas and dust

Answer 27

nebula

Question 28

in a process of creating a new atomic nucleus from pre existing nucleons

Answer 28

Nucleosynthesis

Question 29

The first step of nucleosynthesis is the
_______. It took place seconds after the big bang when the universe had already expanded tremendously that the temperature drops down which allows the formation of neutrons, electrons, and protons.

Answer 29

Big bang nucleosynthesis

Question 30

The first element produced more than 1 second after the big bang is _____ an isotope of hydrogen

Answer 30

deuterium

Question 31

a French chemist, first attempted so arrange the known elements in 1789 based on their properties na gasses, metals, nonmetals and eartha.

Answer 31

Antoine Lavoisier

Question 32

Arranged elements into sets of three called Triads based on their chemical properties.

Answer 32

Johann Dobereiner 1829

Question 33

Arranged elements into sets of eight called ocataves based on similar properties

Answer 33

John newlands

Question 34

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic weights and into sets of eight bound on their physical properties

Answer 34

Dmitri Mendeleev

Question 35

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic weights and into sets of eight bound on their physical properties 1870

Answer 35

Lothar meyer

Question 36

Aminged elementa in order of inccensing atomic number and inte sets of eight.

Question 37

Aminged elementa in order of inccensing atomic number and inte sets of eight.

Question 38

Thomson discovered electrons (which he called ‘corpuscles) in atoms in 1897, for which he won a Nobel Prize. He subsequently produced the “plum pudding model of the atom. It shows the atom as composed of electrons scattered throughout a spherical cloud of positive charge.

Answer 38

J. J thomson

Question 39

drew upon the Ancient Greek idea of atoms (the word atomcomes from the Greek “atomos meaning indivisible) His theory stated that atoms are indivisible, those of a given element are identical, and compounds are combinations of different types of atoms

Answer 39

John dalton (1803)

Question 40

modified Rutherford’s model of the atom by stating that electrons moved around the nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies. Electron energy in this model was quantised, electrons could not occupy values of energy between the fixed energy levels.

Answer 40

NIELS BOHR

1913

Question 41

stated that electrons do not move in sat paths around the nucleus, but in waves. It is impossible to know the exact location of the electrons, instead, we have clouds of probability’ called orbitals, in which we are more Sikely to find an electron.

Answer 41

ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER