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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 1 > MODULE 1- Studying the Nervous System > Flashcards

MODULE 1- Studying the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 primary cell types of all nervous systems

A

-neurons
-glia

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2
Q

**neurons

A

come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, + the number + complexity of processes (dendrites + axons)

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3
Q

dendrites

A

part of neuron that RECEIVES information from other neurons

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4
Q

axons

A

part of neuron that SENDS/TRANSMITS information

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5
Q

**synapse

A

the point of communication between 2 neurons

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6
Q

neuronal axons are wrapped in ____

A

myelin

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7
Q

**what creates myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

**what creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

what occurs at the soma of a neuron

A

protein synthesis
-proteins + organelles must be trafficked long distances to the end of the terminal

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10
Q

**shape of neurons

A

highly polarized
-a long axon with a distant terminal from which synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters

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11
Q

axons can be up to how long

A

1 meter

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12
Q

a taller person has what

A

longer axons compared to someone that is short

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13
Q

what does a postsynaptic cell have

A

receptors for neurotransmitters

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14
Q

**divergence

A

few presynaptic cells to many postsynaptic cells

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15
Q

**convergence

A

many presynaptic cells to few postsynaptic cells

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16
Q

glia

A

cells that hold nerve cells in place + help them work the way they should

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17
Q

**glia in CNS

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia

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18
Q

**astrocytes

A

-help with blood-brain barrier
-buffer ions + neurotransmitters
-secrete chemicals for synaptogenesis

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19
Q

synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses
-new + more connections between neurons

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20
Q

**oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate neuronal axons

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21
Q

**microglia

A

-perform immune function for CNS, considered “immune cells” of CNS
-macrophage activity
-secrete cytokines

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22
Q

**glia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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23
Q

**Schwann cells

A

-myelinate neuronal axons
-participate in recovery of function resulting from neuronal damage

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24
Q

3 ways to visualize neurons in the CNS + PNS

A

-golgi stain
-flourescent dye
-Nissl stain

-using different stains/dyes can trace how neurons connect to other neurons
-important for understanding how neural circuits are formed

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25
Q

neural circuits

A

neurons are interconnected in ensembles called neural circuits
-neurons don’t function in isolation but rather work together to form neural circuits

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26
Q

**afferent

A

towards CNS
-away from periphery/effectors

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27
Q

effectors

A

muscles, organs, etc.

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28
Q

**efferent

A

away from CNS
-toward periphery/effectors

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29
Q

**3 ways signals can be classified

A

-excitatory
-inhibitory
-modulatory

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30
Q

**interneurons

A

participate in local circuit function

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31
Q

describe axons of interneurons

A

short axons

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32
Q

myotatic reflex is also called

A

knee-jerk reflex

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33
Q

myotatic (knee-jerk) reflex is controlled by what

A

simple neural circuit

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34
Q

reason for myotatic (knee-jerk) reflex

A

to maintain an upright posture in the face of unexpected changes (such as tripping)

35
Q

in myotatic (knee-jerk) reflex, flexors are ____ + extensors are ____, causing ____

A

-flexors are INHIBITED
-extensors are EXCITED
-causing leg extension

36
Q

describe how myotatic (knee-jerk) reflex occurs

A

-stimulation of peripheral sensors (a muscle stretch receptor) initiates receptor potentials that trigger APs that travel centrally along the afferent axons of the sensory neurons
-this information stimulates spinal motor neurons by means of synaptic contacts
-the APs triggered by the synaptic potential in motor neurons travel peripherally in efferent neurons, giving rise to muscle contraction + a behavioral response

37
Q

recording from various places in the reflex loop of the myotatic reflex while responding

A

-sensory neuron
-interneuron
-motor neuron (extensor)
-motor neuron (flexor)

38
Q

**optogenetics

A

a technique for controlling the communication between neurons

-genes for light-sensitive proteins (ex: opsins) are introduced into certain neurons to monitor + control their activity in response to light signals -> chemical signals

39
Q

circuits that process related information constitute a ____

A

neural system

40
Q

neural systems

A

organization of individual neural circuits according to the type of information they carry into broader networks + larger volumes so that more complex behaviors can be generated

41
Q

neural systems have ____

A

unity of function

42
Q

do neural circuits exist in isolation

A

no
-found in neural systems

43
Q

how are neural systems organized

A

organized into representations of information that are processed in parallel pathways, culminating in topographic maps

44
Q

computational map

A

additional information processing based on time or order of input

45
Q

sensory motor system

A

neural system that controls how we process sensory information + controls movements

46
Q

structural analysis of neural systems

A

-lesion studies reveal the direction of information flow
-labeling specific proteins

47
Q

neural systems- function

A

determine what neurons do from moment to moment in a neural system

48
Q

**receptive field

A

the region in sensory space to which a neuron will respond

49
Q

**single unit responding

A

using single unit responding, it is possible to find the relationship between peripheral stimuli + neuronal responses

50
Q

example defining relationships between peripheral stimuli + neuronal responses using single-unit recording

A

-this example is from a cortical pyramidal neuron in the somatosensory cortex of a rhesus monkey, showing the firing pattern in response to a specific peripheral stimulus (pressure applied to a discrete point on the skin surface) in the anesthetized animal
-typical experiment setup, in which a recording electrode is inserted into the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus
-defining neuronal receptive fields based on the location of the peripheral stimulus in the sensory space (in this case, a particular region of the arm) that elicits the maximal response from the CNS neuron whose AP activity is being recorded, referred to as the receptive field center
-the flanking region (called the surround) is the region of the skin surface that when stimulated will actually diminish the response of the same neuron

51
Q

**CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

52
Q

**PNS

A

extension of the CNS beyond the brain + spinal cord into the periphery
-consists of everything else outside of CNS, including sensory nerves, motor nerves, spinal + cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, enteric nervous system, etc.

53
Q

afferent

A

PNS sensory info sent to CNS

54
Q

efferent

A

CNS motor (visceral + somatic) commands are sent to PNS

55
Q

motor components consist of what 2 systems

A

-visceral motor sysem
-somatic motor system

56
Q

visceral motor system

A

-sympathetic, parasympathetic, + enteric divisions
-autonomic ganglia + nerves

57
Q

somatic motor system

A

motor nerves

58
Q

effectors

A

-smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, + gland
-skeletal (striated) muscles

59
Q

what does the genome control

A

brain organization + function

60
Q

how are proteins made

A

genes (DNA) makes RNA ->
RNA makes protein

61
Q

**genomics

A

analysis of the complete DNA sequence of a species or individual

62
Q

depending on the gene, a single mutation in the DNA can…

A

have devastating consequences on brain development

63
Q

what can be analyzed in the human brain

A

neural circuits + systems

64
Q

3 things that imaging in the living brain is used for

A

-discerning various anatomical structures
-diagnoses of medical problems, such as tumor or stroke
-to characterize the activity of the brain as it performs complex tasks, such as problem-solving, recall, speaking, singing, + so much more

65
Q

minimally invasive analysis of human brain function

A

-EEG
-TMS

66
Q

**electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

can map the brain according to event-related potentials (ERPs)

67
Q

**transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

used to correlate broad areas of the brain with ongoing behavior
-used for neurologic + psychiatric conditions
-uses electromagnetic coil

68
Q

radiographic methods for brain imaging

A

-x-rays
-CT
-PET

69
Q

**computerized tomography (CT)

A

x-rays narrowed into a tube sweeps across the brain, providing detailed anatomical structure

70
Q

**positron emission tomography (PET)

A

patient is injected with a radio-labeled molecule, such as dopamine, which is then taken up by certain neurons (ex: those of the basal ganglia)

71
Q

CT or PET is more functional

A

PET

72
Q

downside to PET

A

more invasive, since radioactive isotope is injected

73
Q

magnetic resonant imaging

A

-MRI
-DTI

74
Q

**MRI

A

ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW- MRI causes hydrogen atoms to act like magnets

-when placed in a magnetic field, a patient (+ his protons (H+)) will line up with the magnetic field + spin at a frequency that depends on the field strength; a brief radiofrequency pulse applied tuned to the atoms’ spinning frequency emit ENERGY as they realign themselves with the field

75
Q

**DTI (diffusion-tensor imaging)

A

detects white matter tracts because water molecules can diffuse in limited directions along the length of the axon

76
Q

what is DTI useful for

A

diagnoses

77
Q

functional brain imaging

A

-fMRI (+ BOLD)
-MEG
-MSI

78
Q

**fMRI

A

based on METABOLIC ACTIVITY (OXYGEN-DEPENDENT) of the brain
-ideal to determine which areas of the brain are metabolically active (functioning) when performing a certain task, such as reading or speaking

79
Q

**blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)

A

when neurons are active, they require more oxygen so they can function, which is varied by the blood
-with BOLD fMRI we are basically tracking blood flow; measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood oxygenation levels

80
Q

**magnetoencephalograhy (MEG)

A

records the magnetic consequences of the brain’s electrical activity

81
Q

fMRI or MEG provides greater temporal resolution

A

MEG

82
Q

magnetic source imaging (MSI)

A

combines structural MRI with MEG

83
Q

analyzing complex behavior

A

-complex behaviors such as perception, language, emotions, consciousness, memory
-imaging techniques, such as fMRI can be combined with the principles of cognitive neuroscience, which focuses on the underlying structural + functional representations manifesting as behaviors

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 1 (9 decks)

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