Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1014MSC Cells, Tissue and Regulation > Module 1: Structure and Function of Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Module 1: Structure and Function of Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes:

  • doesnt have a nucleus
  • single cell
  • DNA in cytoplasm

Eukaryotes:

  • single or multi cell
  • has nucleus
  • DNA in nucleus
  • membrane bound organelle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 5 phases of mitosis

A 
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the major functional differences among the four tissue types

A
  1. Nervous Tissue: internal communication (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
  2. Muscle Tissue: contracts to cause movement (muscles attached to bones - skeletal) (muscles of heart (cardiac) (muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
  3. Epithelial Tissue: forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters (skin surface - epidermis, linig of GI tract organs)
  4. Connective tissue: supports, protects, binds other tissues together (bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the structure and function of epithelia

A

Structure: covers all the internal + external surfaces. Avascular + sits on basement membrane

Function: Cells determine function, shape and number and organisation. Barrier for body, protection, sensory, excreotry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelia and their function

A
  1. Exchange - simple squamous, allow movement of substance through + between the cells (blood vessels - capillaries)
  2. Protective - stratified squamous tightly connected by desmosomes, constantly replaced (skin)
  3. Ciliated - columnar/ cubodial. Create fluid currents, to move substances (airways of lungs, nose)
  4. Secretory epithelia - columnar. Protein secreting cells that make and release product (exocrine and endocrine glands)
  5. Transporting epithelia - simple columnar/ cubodial - selectively move substances between the lumen and extracellular fluid (cells lining GI tract )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Early Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes formation of mitotic spindle that holds the paired chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Late Prophase

A

nuclear membrane breaks down, Spindle interacts with chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Metaphase

A

Controsomes at the opposite ends of the cell. Chromosomes cluster at teh center with centromeres aliened at equator called metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split. A complete set of chromosomes is pulled towards each end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Telophase

A

Formation of nuclear envelope. Breakdown of spindle, division of cytoplasm - cytokinesis 2 new daughter cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is transcription and what factors does it need?

A

the process where DNA’s information is encoded in mRNA

  • loosens histones at the gene transcription site
  • binds to teh promoter of DNA, promoter contains teh strat point of the gene to be transcribed
  • mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 phases of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation: with help of transcription factors, RNA polumerase binds to promoter, pries apart the 2 DNA strands and initates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template
  2. Elongation: the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it
  3. Termination: mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is translation

A

Process where information on mRNA is decoded for building proteins.

The mRNA attaches to small ribosomal subunit which moves along the mRNA to find the start condon.

Condon is three based sequence on mRNA that completes 3-based sequence on DNA.

Initiator tRNA binds to the start codon, after whichteh smal ribosomal unit attaches with the large ribosomal unit, forming a functional ribosome.

Anticodon binds to a complementary codon and attaches amino acid to the forming polypeptide chain.

New amino acids are added by tRNA as the ribosome moves alogn the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Connects epithelial cells to connective tissue. Supports + protects epithelial tissue. Prevents malignany cells from entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelia and their function

A
  1. Exchange - simple squamous, allow movement of substance through + between the cells (blood vessels - capillaries)
  2. Protective - stratified squamous tightly connected by desmosomes, constantly replaced (skin)
  3. Ciliated - columnar/ cubodial. Create fluid currents, to move substances (airways of lungs, nose)
  4. Secretory epithelia - columnar. Protein secreting cells that make and release product (exocrine and endocrine glands)
  5. Transporting epithelia - simple columnar/ cubodial - selectively move substances between the lumen and extracellular fluid (cells lining GI tract )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Connects epithelial cells to connective tissue. Supports + protects epithelial tissue. Prevents malignany cells from entering

17
Q

Describe the structure and function of exocrine and endocrine glands

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

  • secrete products or substance eitehr to the outside (sweat glands)
  • unicellular (goblet cell), multicellular (salivary gland)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

  • released into the interstitium (hormones)
  • 2 types: Merocrine - secrete their products by exocytosis and Holocrine - entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
  • loose their ducts & the hormones are delivered directly into blood
18
Q

Describe the structure and function of exocrine and endocrine glands

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

  • secrete products or substance eitehr to the outside (sweat glands)
  • unicellular (goblet cell), multicellular (salivary gland)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

  • released into the interstitium (hormones)
  • 2 types: Merocrine - secrete their products by exocytosis and Holocrine - entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
  • loose their ducts & the hormones are delivered directly into blood
19
Q

Cells are linked by intercellular junctions - what are they? Describe location and function

A
  1. Tight Junctions - allow movement of materials around/betweeen the junction points (skin)
  2. Desmosomes - help old cells together physically (skin, heart)
  3. Gap junctions - allow transfer of cytoplasm, electric signals + linkage between two cells to act together (cardaic muscle cells)
20
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Bone tissue
  3. Cartilage
  4. Blood
21
Q

Describe the structure and function of the four types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    - Loose (areolar) (adipose, reticular)
    - Dense (collagenous) (regular, irregular, elastic)
  2. Bone tissue
    - compact bone
    - spongy bone
  3. Cartilage
    - hyaline
    - elastic
    - fibrocartilage
  4. Blood
    - erythrocytes (RBC)
    - leukocytes (WBC)
    - platelets
22
Q

list the differences between the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline

  • forms most of embyronic skeleton, cartilage of nose, trachae +larynx, costal cartilages of ribs and covers joints
  • supports + reinforces

Elastic

  • larynx + external part of ear
  • provides strength, elasticity, maintains shape of certain structure

Fibrocartilage

  • intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
  • tensile strength with the ability to absorb compress shock
23
Q

Cells are linked by intercellular junctions - what are they? Describe location and function

A
  1. Tight Junctions - allow movement of materials around/betweeen the junction points (skin)
  2. Desmosomes - help old cells together physically (skin, heart)
  3. Gap junctions - allow transfer of cytoplasm, electric signals + linkage between two cells to act together (cardaic muscle cells)
24
Q

Describe the structure, function and location of loose connective tissue

A
  1. Contains gel like matrix with 3 types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
  2. Wraps and cushions organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria,
  3. Underlies most epithelium: forms lamina propria of mucus membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
25
Q

Describe the structure and function of adipose tissue

A

Function
- consists of lipid rich cells called adiposites which store energy in the format of lipids (fat). Physical protection and insulation

Structure: thin cellular wall which plump or wrinkle as they take up or release fat. Hihgly vascularised

26
Q

list the differences between dense REULGAR and IRREGULAR

A

DENSE REGULAR - parallel collagen fibres, elastin fibres and fibroblast. Function: attaches muscles to bones/muscles; bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

DENSE IRRGEGULAR

  • irregularly arranged collagen fibres, some elastic
  • Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, structual strength
27
Q

what structrual and functional differences are between compact and spongy bone

A

Function: bone supports and protects, provides levers for muscles, stores calcium, fat, marrow in bones is site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

1014MSC Cells, Tissue and Regulation (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions