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Geology- year 2 > Module 1- sedimentation/stratigraphy > Flashcards

Module 1- sedimentation/stratigraphy Flashcards

1
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

separation of particles from a parent rock, to the consolidation of the particles into another rock

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2
Q

What is Stratigraphy?

A

branch of geology which deals with the formation, composition, sequence, and correlation of the stratified rocks within the Earth’s crust.

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3
Q

What are the 4 processes involves in sedimentation?

A
  1. Weathering
  2. Erosion & Transportation
  3. Deposition
  4. Lithification
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4
Q

What 2 categories is weathering broken into?

A

mechanical

chemical

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5
Q

What is weathering?

A

the mechanical and chemical alteration of Earth’s materials at or near the surface.

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6
Q

Erosion is what?

A

removes weathered materials from their place or origin by running water or wind.

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7
Q

What are the 4 example of mechanical weathering?

A
  1. Pressure release on unloading
  2. Thermal expansion and contraction (frost wedge)
  3. Growth of foreign crystals within a rock
  4. Plant growth
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8
Q

What is Frost wedging and when does it occur?

A

Frost wedging is a type of mechanical weathering.

It takes place when water seeps into cracks and expands as it freezes. Angular pieces of rock are pried loose by repeating freezing and thawing.

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9
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

includes those processes by which rocks and minerals are decomposed by chemical alteration of the parent material.

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10
Q

What are important agents of chemical weathering?

A
  1. atmospheric gases
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Acids
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11
Q

What is bowen’s reaction series?

A

the stability of minerals and their resistance to chemical weathering is opposite of their order of crytallization.

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12
Q

What are the most stable and least mineral?

A

Quartz and feldpsar

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13
Q

How are siliclastic sedimentary rocks primarily classified?

A

Grain size

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14
Q

What are the 5 siliclastic rocks?

A
  1. mudstone/shales
  2. Siltstones
  3. Sandstones
  4. Conglomerates
  5. Breccias
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15
Q

what are the 5 transport agents of sediments?

A
  1. gravity
  2. organisms
  3. wind
  4. ice
  5. water
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16
Q

What are the 2 transport load mechanisms and what do they transport?

A
  1. Bed load mechanisms (transports fine to coarse sand particles including saltation(bouncing) and creeping(rolling and sliding)
  2. Suspended load mechanisms (affect very fine sand and silt particles).
17
Q

Why do current ripple marks form?

A

In respinse to flow in one direction, as in a stream channel.

18
Q

How does a turbidity current flow and why?

A

downslope along the seafloor or lake bottom because it is denser than sediment free water.

19
Q

When does deposition of graded bed take place?

A

Takes place when the turbidity current flow slows and deposits progressively smaller particles/

20
Q

What is bioturbation?

A

Process whereby sediment is mixed by the movement of living organisms (eg. works burrowing).

21
Q

What are the 8 depositional environments?

A
  1. Glaciers
  2. Alluvial
  3. Fluvial (streams, channels, network of streams)
  4. Marine (near shore-shelf, deep water)
  5. Eolian
  6. Deltaic
  7. Lacustrine
  8. Estuarine
22
Q

What are the kinds of rivers classified under fluvial depositional environments?

A
  1. Braided rivers
  2. Anastomosing rivers
  3. Meandering rivers
23
Q

What is an estuary?

A

an estuary is a semi-enclose coastal body of water along a coastline and is influenced by the tidal and wave action of the open sea.

24
Q

What are the 4 forms of modern deltas?

A
  1. Original Delta (nile)
  2. River dominated delta (mississippi)
  3. Wave dominated delta (Rhone)
  4. Tide dominated (Ganges)
25
Q

T of F: sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast?

A

TRUE

26
Q

Where are silts and clays generally deposited?

A

in quieter, deeper water

27
Q

Sand is limited to shallow water. How is affected?

A

By wave, tides, and storms.

28
Q

What are 3 deep water deposits with no petroleum potential?

A
  1. Pelagic sediments
  2. Calcareous and silica ooze
  3. Fe and Mg concentrated deposits

Geology- year 2 (7 decks)

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