Module 1 Pulmonary Flashcards
How many divisions/generations in lower respiratory tract?
23 1st 16 are conducting zone 17-19 have some alveoli (transional) 20-22 are lined with alveoli 23 is alveolar sac
Gross anatomy of pulmonary system (3)
- Upper respiratory tract with nasal cavity and pharynx
- Larynx -connects upper and lower respiratory tracts with epiglottis thyroid cricoid cartliages
- Lower respiratory tract with pulmonary tree
sternal angle is called..
carina
where is bifurcation of pulmonary tree?
sternal angle/carina
how many lobar bronchi are in R/L side?
3R 2L
Segmental bronchi are also called
surgical lobes - 10 of them
roots of lungs, bvs, lymph vessels and nerves is called
hilum
what is the acinus composed of?
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolo
what is the region of gas exchange?
acinus
order of the pulmonary tree?
trachea-lobar bronchi-segmental bronchi-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveoli - alveolar sac
describe conducting zone vs respiratory zone
conducting- no gas exchange; trachea thru terminal bronchioles
respiratory- gas exchange thru ventilation;respiratory bronchioles thru alveoli sac
what are 2 functions of the pulmonary system? (general functions)
- primary gas exchange: - o2 co2
- non-respiratory functions:-phonation-acid base balance-air conditioning-olfaction- removal of metabolites-production of ACE-filtration and removal of particles/microorganisms thru mucociliary escalator and reflexes in airways
what happens to particles that enter airway?
they will be trapped in mucous sheath lining the tubules and removed by ciliary action and reflex mechanisms
define mucociliary escalator
mucous is propelled away from alveoli via cilia which traps particles
and coughing will transport it to pharynx where it can be swallowed or blown thru nose
irritant receptors in _ cause sneeze reflex
irritant receptors in _ cause cough reflex
nasopharynx
trachea
function of the conducting zone
provide passage for air into and out of gas exchange area of lung
why does air flow slow down as it travels down pulmonary tree?
increasing cross sectional area
define anatomical dead space
conducting zone- does not reach respiratory zone for gas exchange
what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting zone?
- mucociliary escalator
- sneeze
- cough
- airway clearance
if particle is greater then 10 micrometer in diameter:
nasal hair (50-80 microm) - sneeze
if particle is between 2-10 micrometer in diameter:
cilia in trachea and segmental bronchi- cough
ex. bacteria is between 1-10micrometers
if particle is less then 2 micrometer in diameter:
macrophages on alveoli surface will engulf them, transport them to terminal bronchiole to be removed by lymphatic system
- if this does not happen, lung disease will occur ex. pulmonary fibrosis due to inflammation and scar tissue
- no cough reflex here - too deep
portion that is surrounded by the grape-like cluster of the alveoli
alveolar ducts