Module 1 Pulmonary

Question 0

How many divisions/generations in lower respiratory tract?

Answer 0

23 
1st 16 are conducting zone
17-19 have some alveoli (transional)
20-22 are lined with alveoli
23 is alveolar sac

Question 1

Gross anatomy of pulmonary system (3)

Answer 1

1. Upper respiratory tract with nasal cavity and pharynx
2. Larynx -connects upper and lower respiratory tracts with epiglottis thyroid cricoid cartliages
3. Lower respiratory tract with pulmonary tree

Question 2

sternal angle is called..

Answer 2

carina

Question 3

where is bifurcation of pulmonary tree?

Answer 3

sternal angle/carina

Question 4

how many lobar bronchi are in R/L side?

Answer 4

3R 2L

Question 5

Segmental bronchi are also called

Answer 5

surgical lobes - 10 of them

Question 6

roots of lungs, bvs, lymph vessels and nerves is called

Answer 6

hilum

Question 7

what is the acinus composed of?

Answer 7

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolo

Question 8

what is the region of gas exchange?

Answer 8

acinus

Question 9

order of the pulmonary tree?

Answer 9

trachea-lobar bronchi-segmental bronchi-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveoli - alveolar sac

Question 10

describe conducting zone vs respiratory zone

Answer 10

conducting- no gas exchange; trachea thru terminal bronchioles
respiratory- gas exchange thru ventilation;respiratory bronchioles thru alveoli sac

Question 11

what are 2 functions of the pulmonary system? (general functions)

Answer 11

1. primary gas exchange: - o2 co2
2. non-respiratory functions:-phonation-acid base balance-air conditioning-olfaction- removal of metabolites-production of ACE-filtration and removal of particles/microorganisms thru mucociliary escalator and reflexes in airways

Question 12

what happens to particles that enter airway?

Answer 12

they will be trapped in mucous sheath lining the tubules and removed by ciliary action and reflex mechanisms

Question 13

define mucociliary escalator

Answer 13

mucous is propelled away from alveoli via cilia which traps particles
and coughing will transport it to pharynx where it can be swallowed or blown thru nose

Question 14

irritant receptors in _ cause sneeze reflex

irritant receptors in _ cause cough reflex

Answer 14

nasopharynx

trachea

Question 15

function of the conducting zone

Answer 15

provide passage for air into and out of gas exchange area of lung

Question 16

why does air flow slow down as it travels down pulmonary tree?

Answer 16

increasing cross sectional area

Question 17

define anatomical dead space

Answer 17

conducting zone- does not reach respiratory zone for gas exchange

Question 18

what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting zone?

Answer 18

1. mucociliary escalator
2. sneeze
3. cough
4. airway clearance

Question 19

if particle is greater then 10 micrometer in diameter:

Answer 19

nasal hair (50-80 microm) - sneeze

Question 20

if particle is between 2-10 micrometer in diameter:

Answer 20

cilia in trachea and segmental bronchi- cough

ex. bacteria is between 1-10micrometers

Question 21

if particle is less then 2 micrometer in diameter:

Answer 21

macrophages on alveoli surface will engulf them, transport them to terminal bronchiole to be removed by lymphatic system

• if this does not happen, lung disease will occur ex. pulmonary fibrosis due to inflammation and scar tissue
• no cough reflex here - too deep

Question 22

portion that is surrounded by the grape-like cluster of the alveoli

Answer 22

alveolar ducts

Question 23

clusters of individual alveoli

Answer 23

alveolar sacs

Question 24

allow adjacent alveoli to exchange air btwn each other

Answer 24

pores of kohn

Question 25

we have about __ alveoli

Answer 25

300 million

Question 26

describe alveolar septa

Answer 26

two layers: 1. epithelial layer with two types of cells. 2. basement membrane (outer portion that is thin/elastic and allows gas exchange)

Question 27

type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 27

type 1 provide physical structure of alveoli (outer layer) | type 2 produce surfactant (lipoprotein that coats surface of alveoli) (inner layer)

Question 28

composition of trachea

Answer 28

smooth muscle, cartilage, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, goblet cells, mucous glands, lastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

Question 29

composition of larger bronchi-smaller bronchi

Answer 29

smooth muscle, cartilage, pseudostratified ciliated columnar??, goblet cells, mucous glands, lastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

Question 30

composition of bronchioles

Answer 30

less then 1mm diameter | smooth muscle, cartilage, cilia, simple columnar, goblet cells, mucous glands, elastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

Question 31

composition of terminal bronchiole

Answer 31

smooth muscle, no cartilage, cilia, simple cuboidal, clara cells, mucous glands?, elastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

Question 32

composition of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 32

smooth muscle, no cartilage, no cilia, simple cuboidal? elastic fibers

Question 33

composition of alveolar ducts

Answer 33

elastic fibers, simple squamous

Question 34

composition of alveoli

Answer 34

type 1 and type 2 cells in membrane, basement membrane, macrophages, pores of kohn

Question 35

3 wall layers of tracheal tree

Answer 35

inner: epithelial lining middle: smooth muscle outer: connective tissue (aka adventitia?)

Question 36

what is not lined by mucous producing cells and ciliated cells?

Answer 36

respiratory bronchioles - region of gas exchange anterior 1/3 nose portions of pharynx

Question 37

cilia-how many beats per minute

Answer 37

600-900

Question 38

goblet cells

Answer 38

proximal to bronchioles -mucus producing and secreting cells

Question 39

clara cells

Answer 39

terminal bronchioles- mucous secreting and producing

Question 40

describe chronic bronchitis

Answer 40

increase mucous production blocks airways

Question 41

describe intubation

Answer 41

increased mucous production but no way to remove mucous (ex. no cough)

Question 42

describe cystic fibrosis

Answer 42

increase mucous, sweat, and digestive juice of many organs | the mucous increase in lungs accumulate and cause infection

Question 43

pulmonary circulation

Answer 43

non o2 air leaves L ventricle goes to lung and returns to L ventricle

Question 44

Bronchial circulation

Answer 44

o2 blood leaves R ventricle goes to body and structures of lung and returns to R ventricle

Question 45

3 functions of pulmonary system

Answer 45

1. facilitate gas exchange 2. acts as reservoir for left ventricle 3. acts as filter system to remove particles or emboli (clots of air)

Question 46

pressure of pulmonary circulation

Answer 46

``` low pressure (10-20mmHg) only 1/3 of pulmonary vessels are filled at any moment which increases stroke volume without increasing pressure ```

Question 47

define alveolocapillary membrane

Answer 47

basement membrane and capillary wall merged with interstitial space site of gas exchange

Question 48

alveolocapillary membrane ratio of blood to surface area

Answer 48

100ml of blood in capillaries over 70-100m^2 of aveolocapillary membrane -1/10 L spread out over 10mX10m

Question 49

if alveolocapillary membrane is damaged..

Answer 49

plasma can leak into alveolar space or impair gas exchange

Question 50

define hypoxic vasoconstriction

Answer 50

partial pressure of o2 drops and arterioles direct blood away from the site (in systemic circulation blood is directed to the site)

Question 51

is bronchial circulation involved in gas exchange?

Answer 51

no, but it does supple structures of the lung (conducting system, pleura, etc)

Question 52

describe Right to Left shunt of blood flow

Answer 52

bronchial veins leave nonO2 into o2 blood as they return - an example is an atrial defect

Question 53

define lymphatic capullaries

Answer 53

drain structures of the lungs | located in tracheal tree thru the terminal bronchial

Question 54

chest wall is made of

Answer 54

ribs and intercostal muscles

Question 55

define pleura

Answer 55

double folded serous membrane visceral (lines lungs) parietal (lines chest wall)

Question 56

define pleural space/cavity

Answer 56

``` space between visceral and parietal layers, secretes pleural fluid which is a lubricant low pressure (negative) to allow lungs to expand and suck in outside air ```

Question 57

define pneumothorax

Answer 57

as air enters pleural cavity, pressure is increased which collapses/compresses the lung