Module 1 Pulmonary Flashcards

0
Q

How many divisions/generations in lower respiratory tract?

A
23 
1st 16 are conducting zone
17-19 have some alveoli (transional)
20-22 are lined with alveoli
23 is alveolar sac
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1
Q

Gross anatomy of pulmonary system (3)

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract with nasal cavity and pharynx
  2. Larynx -connects upper and lower respiratory tracts with epiglottis thyroid cricoid cartliages
  3. Lower respiratory tract with pulmonary tree
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2
Q

sternal angle is called..

A

carina

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3
Q

where is bifurcation of pulmonary tree?

A

sternal angle/carina

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4
Q

how many lobar bronchi are in R/L side?

A

3R 2L

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5
Q

Segmental bronchi are also called

A

surgical lobes - 10 of them

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6
Q

roots of lungs, bvs, lymph vessels and nerves is called

A

hilum

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7
Q

what is the acinus composed of?

A

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolo

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8
Q

what is the region of gas exchange?

A

acinus

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9
Q

order of the pulmonary tree?

A

trachea-lobar bronchi-segmental bronchi-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveoli - alveolar sac

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10
Q

describe conducting zone vs respiratory zone

A

conducting- no gas exchange; trachea thru terminal bronchioles
respiratory- gas exchange thru ventilation;respiratory bronchioles thru alveoli sac

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11
Q

what are 2 functions of the pulmonary system? (general functions)

A
  1. primary gas exchange: - o2 co2
  2. non-respiratory functions:-phonation-acid base balance-air conditioning-olfaction- removal of metabolites-production of ACE-filtration and removal of particles/microorganisms thru mucociliary escalator and reflexes in airways
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12
Q

what happens to particles that enter airway?

A

they will be trapped in mucous sheath lining the tubules and removed by ciliary action and reflex mechanisms

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13
Q

define mucociliary escalator

A

mucous is propelled away from alveoli via cilia which traps particles
and coughing will transport it to pharynx where it can be swallowed or blown thru nose

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14
Q

irritant receptors in _ cause sneeze reflex

irritant receptors in _ cause cough reflex

A

nasopharynx

trachea

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15
Q

function of the conducting zone

A

provide passage for air into and out of gas exchange area of lung

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16
Q

why does air flow slow down as it travels down pulmonary tree?

A

increasing cross sectional area

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17
Q

define anatomical dead space

A

conducting zone- does not reach respiratory zone for gas exchange

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18
Q

what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting zone?

A
  1. mucociliary escalator
  2. sneeze
  3. cough
  4. airway clearance
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19
Q

if particle is greater then 10 micrometer in diameter:

A

nasal hair (50-80 microm) - sneeze

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20
Q

if particle is between 2-10 micrometer in diameter:

A

cilia in trachea and segmental bronchi- cough

ex. bacteria is between 1-10micrometers

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21
Q

if particle is less then 2 micrometer in diameter:

A

macrophages on alveoli surface will engulf them, transport them to terminal bronchiole to be removed by lymphatic system

  • if this does not happen, lung disease will occur ex. pulmonary fibrosis due to inflammation and scar tissue
  • no cough reflex here - too deep
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22
Q

portion that is surrounded by the grape-like cluster of the alveoli

A

alveolar ducts

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23
Q

clusters of individual alveoli

A

alveolar sacs

24
Q

allow adjacent alveoli to exchange air btwn each other

A

pores of kohn

25
Q

we have about __ alveoli

A

300 million

26
Q

describe alveolar septa

A

two layers: 1. epithelial layer with two types of cells. 2. basement membrane (outer portion that is thin/elastic and allows gas exchange)

27
Q

type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells

A

type 1 provide physical structure of alveoli (outer layer)

type 2 produce surfactant (lipoprotein that coats surface of alveoli) (inner layer)

28
Q

composition of trachea

A

smooth muscle, cartilage, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, goblet cells, mucous glands, lastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

29
Q

composition of larger bronchi-smaller bronchi

A

smooth muscle, cartilage, pseudostratified ciliated columnar??, goblet cells, mucous glands, lastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

30
Q

composition of bronchioles

A

less then 1mm diameter

smooth muscle, cartilage, cilia, simple columnar, goblet cells, mucous glands, elastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

31
Q

composition of terminal bronchiole

A

smooth muscle, no cartilage, cilia, simple cuboidal, clara cells, mucous glands?, elastic fibers, lymphatic vessels

32
Q

composition of respiratory bronchioles

A

smooth muscle, no cartilage, no cilia, simple cuboidal? elastic fibers

33
Q

composition of alveolar ducts

A

elastic fibers, simple squamous

34
Q

composition of alveoli

A

type 1 and type 2 cells in membrane, basement membrane, macrophages, pores of kohn

35
Q

3 wall layers of tracheal tree

A

inner: epithelial lining
middle: smooth muscle
outer: connective tissue (aka adventitia?)

36
Q

what is not lined by mucous producing cells and ciliated cells?

A

respiratory bronchioles - region of gas exchange
anterior 1/3 nose
portions of pharynx

37
Q

cilia-how many beats per minute

A

600-900

38
Q

goblet cells

A

proximal to bronchioles -mucus producing and secreting cells

39
Q

clara cells

A

terminal bronchioles- mucous secreting and producing

40
Q

describe chronic bronchitis

A

increase mucous production blocks airways

41
Q

describe intubation

A

increased mucous production but no way to remove mucous (ex. no cough)

42
Q

describe cystic fibrosis

A

increase mucous, sweat, and digestive juice of many organs

the mucous increase in lungs accumulate and cause infection

43
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

non o2 air leaves L ventricle goes to lung and returns to L ventricle

44
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

o2 blood leaves R ventricle goes to body and structures of lung and returns to R ventricle

45
Q

3 functions of pulmonary system

A
  1. facilitate gas exchange
  2. acts as reservoir for left ventricle
  3. acts as filter system to remove particles or emboli (clots of air)
46
Q

pressure of pulmonary circulation

A
low pressure (10-20mmHg)
only 1/3 of pulmonary vessels are filled at any moment which increases stroke volume without increasing pressure
47
Q

define alveolocapillary membrane

A

basement membrane and capillary wall merged with interstitial space
site of gas exchange

48
Q

alveolocapillary membrane ratio of blood to surface area

A

100ml of blood in capillaries over 70-100m^2 of aveolocapillary membrane

-1/10 L spread out over 10mX10m

49
Q

if alveolocapillary membrane is damaged..

A

plasma can leak into alveolar space or impair gas exchange

50
Q

define hypoxic vasoconstriction

A

partial pressure of o2 drops and arterioles direct blood away from the site (in systemic circulation blood is directed to the site)

51
Q

is bronchial circulation involved in gas exchange?

A

no, but it does supple structures of the lung (conducting system, pleura, etc)

52
Q

describe Right to Left shunt of blood flow

A

bronchial veins leave nonO2 into o2 blood as they return - an example is an atrial defect

53
Q

define lymphatic capullaries

A

drain structures of the lungs

located in tracheal tree thru the terminal bronchial

54
Q

chest wall is made of

A

ribs and intercostal muscles

55
Q

define pleura

A

double folded serous membrane
visceral (lines lungs)
parietal (lines chest wall)

56
Q

define pleural space/cavity

A
space between visceral and parietal layers, secretes pleural fluid which is a lubricant 
low pressure (negative) to allow lungs to expand and suck in outside air
57
Q

define pneumothorax

A

as air enters pleural cavity, pressure is increased which collapses/compresses the lung