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Chemisty > Module 1 - Properties and Structure of Matter > Flashcards

Module 1 - Properties and Structure of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What is the trend of electrical conductivity across the periodic table?

A

Electrical conductivity increases the more metallic the element is. So on the periodic table it increases right to left and increases downward.

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2
Q

What is the trend of ionisation energy across the periodic table?

A

Energy required to remove an electron from an element. Valence electrons are easily removed the further they are from the nucleus.

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3
Q

What is the trend of atomic radius on the periodic table?

A

Atomic radius is determined based off of the amount of electrons and shells an atom has. The closer an atom is to an octet the stronger the attraction decreasing the radius. More shells mean larger radius.

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4
Q

What is the trend of melting point and boiling point on the periodic table?

A

Determined by strength in bonding in the lattice. Metallic bonds are stronger than covalent meaning they require higher energy to change state.

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5
Q

What is the trend of valency on the periodic table?

A

Valency is just the amount of electrons that an atom will lose or gain to get a full outer shell. It increases up to group 4 then decreases again.

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6
Q

What is the trend of electronegativity on the periodic table

A

Based off of the atom’s ability to gain electrons. It increases towards fluorine as the most electronegative.

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7
Q

What is the trend of reactivity on the periodic table?

A

Group 1 and 2 being most reactive trying to get rid of electrons with anything they can bond to and transition metals being mostly unreactive due to being stable under regular conditions.

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8
Q

Difference between solutions and suspensions

A

Solutions are homogenous meaning all solutes are dissolved evenly, suspensions are heterogenous with uneven particle dispersion.

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9
Q

What are the 6 signs of Chemical Change?

A

Gas evolved, Precipitate forms, Change in colour, Change in temperature, Solid disappearing, odour produced.

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10
Q

What physical property is sieving based off of?

A

Particle size

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11
Q

What physical property is filtration based off of?

A

Particle sizes and different states

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12
Q

What physical property is evaporation based off of?

A

Boiling points

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13
Q

What physical property is distillation based off of?

A

Boiling points and condensibility

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14
Q

What physical property is fractional distillation based off of?

A

Fractional differences in boiling points

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15
Q

What physical property is sedimentation/decantation based off of?

A

Density

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16
Q

What physical property is a separating funnel based off of?

A

Solubility, density, separating immiscible liquids

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17
Q

What physical property is usage of a solvent then filtering based off of?

A

Solubility

18
Q

What is percentage composition?

A

A description of the composition by stating the mass of each element per 100g sample of the compound (%)

19
Q

What is gravimetric analysis?

A

Accurately measuring the masses of each component in the process to accurately find the composition of the mixture.

20
Q

What are the 10 naming prefixes

A

Mono, Di, Tri, Tetra, Penta, Hexa, Hepta, Octa, Nona, Deca.

21
Q

What is an orbital?

A

A region around a nucleus in which an electron can move. Each orbital can only contain a maximum of 2 electrons.

22
Q

What are the different subshells?

A

There is 1 type of s orbital, 3 types of p orbitals, 5 types of d orbitals, and 7 types of f orbitals.

23
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms from the same element but with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

24
Q

What is Emission Spectroscopy/Spectra?

A

When an atom is given additional energy causing electrons to move from their ground state to a higher shell. When these electrons return to their ground state the excess energy is released as light.

25
Q

What is Ionising Radiation?

A

Radiation that removes electrons from atoms causing ions to be formed.

26
Q

What is Alpha Radiation?

A

Made up of two protons and neutrons, large and heavy with low penetrating power

27
Q

What is Beta Radiation?

A

A beta particle is an electron and is light and have a medium level of penetrating power.

28
Q

What is Gamma Radiation?

A

Made of waves rather than matter, this allows the radiation to have high penetrating power and don’t directly ionise but cause other particle to break down.

29
Q

What is Electronegativity?

A

An atoms ability to attract/gain electrons to itself.

30
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

The bond between a metal and a non metal in which the metal donates their valence electrons to fill the outer shell of the non metal. Strong electrostatic attraction is formed from this donation.

31
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A

When two non metals bond together through sharing electrons to fill both of their valence shells.

32
Q

What are Lewis Dot Diagrams?

A

Diagrams that show the distribution of electrons across atoms and bonds.

33
Q

What is polarity?

A

The distribution of electrons or charge across a chemical bond.

34
Q

What is a Dipole?

A

A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a fixed distance.

35
Q

How is polarity determined?

A

Identify any polar bonds in a molecule and add up the dipoles from those bonds to see if there is an overall dipole. Vector quantities.

36
Q

What are intermolecular bonds?

A

The attractive forces between molecules in a compound.

37
Q

What are intramolecular bonds?

A

The forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together.

38
Q

What are dispersion forces?

A

A temporary dipole made in a molecule causing another molecule to get a temporary dipole. The two dipoles attract each other but this is weak.

39
Q

What are dipole - dipole interactions?

A

Electrostatic attraction between the differently charged ends of two molecules, mid strength.

40
Q

What is Hydrogen bonding?

A

A hydrogen from one molecule bonding with an O, N, or F atom due to their high value of electronegativity. This is very strong.

41
Q

What is an Allotrope?

A

Forms of the exact same element isotope in the same state.

Chemisty (2 decks)

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