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BIOL 1205 > Module 1 - Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Module 1 - Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

Forms the basis of all living organisms

always contains CARBON, HYDROGEN as primary structural ingredients

4 Major groups: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid

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2
Q

Carbon has unique bonding properties

A

an ability to form long chains, no other element can do this

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3
Q

Carbohydrates include:

A 
sugars
glucose 
starches
glycogen
cellulose
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4
Q

what are the 5 most IMPORTANT monosccharides?

A

Glucose: bood sugar
Fructose: Fruit sugar
Galactose: a milk sugar component

Deoxyribose: in DNA
ribose: in RNA

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5
Q

What are the 3 most important disaccharides?

A

Covalent bonding of pairs of monosaccharides produces numerous disaccharides

Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE (table sugar)

Glucose + Glucose = MALTOSE (barley sugar)

Glucose + Galactose = LACTOSE (milk sugar)

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6
Q

What are the 3 storage polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen - storage form of glucose in humans
Starch - plants are able to synthesize glucose
Cellulose - polymer of glucose, major component of cell walls

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7
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

THREE FATTY ACID CHAINS

bound to GLYCEROL by dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fats = solid at room temperature (no double bonds)

Unsaturated fats = liquid at room temperature, single and double covalent bonds

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9
Q

Polymers of amino acids work by..

A

Amino acids (monomer) –> peptides (short chains) –> proteins (larger and folded into complex shapes)

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10
Q

What are the 7 functions of proteins?

A 
structural 
transport 
regulatory 
movement 
immune response
cell signaling 
catalysts
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11
Q

what are enzyme?

A

special kinds of proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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12
Q

What are the 3 major types of enzymes used to chemically digest the food we eat?

A

LIPASES - break down lipids

PROTEASES - break down proteins

AMYLASES - break down carbohydrates

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13
Q

What is metabolism? What is anabolism and catabolism?

A

Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions of the body

Anabolism consists of reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules

Catabolism consists of reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones

Enzymes serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

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14
Q

What is the role of ATP in linking anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

ATP is central to metabolism, mostly manufactured in the mitochondria by breaking down various energy source molecules, in particular, glucose

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15
Q

What are the 3 storage forms of energy?

A

glycogen, triglycerides and proteins

Glycogen is short term

Triglycerides and proteins are long term

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16
Q

Glucose as energy

A

glucose is the body’s preferred energy source

17
Q

Lipids as energy

A

lipids have more than tiwce the energy content than carbohydrates but are catabolized more slowly, triglycerides are the longer term energy storage molecule found in adipose tissue

18
Q

Protein as energy

A

proteins form the important functional molecules in the body

19
Q

What is BMR?

A

basal metabolic rate or energy cost of living

energy expenditure while at rest, awake, fasting

in other words, the energy used in metabolic processes just to keep you alive

20
Q

Food molecules absorbed by the GI tract have 3 main fates:

A
  1. to supply energy for sustaining life processes
  2. to serve as building blocks for the synthesis of more complex molecules
  3. storage for future use
21
Q

What are nutrients?

A

chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair

22
Q

What are the 6 main types of nutrients

A 
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
water 
minerals
vitamins
23
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

specific nutrient molecules that the body cannot make and must be obtained from the diet

include: vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids

24
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid (LA) a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid

Alpha linoleic acid (ALA) a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid

25
Q

What are vitamins? What are the two groups?

A

organic (carbon based) molecules essential to nutrition that are NOT macronutrients

only very small amounts required

zero energy content, not building materials

cannot be synthesized by body

2 groups: fat soluble (ADEK) and water soluble (B vitamins, C, Biotin)

26
Q

What are the 6 minerals that are vital to the body?

A 
Calcium 
potassium 
sodium 
magnesium 
iron 
Iodide
27
Q

How does amylase work?

A

CHO (starch) —> dextrins—-> disaccharides—-> sugars (monosaccharides)

28
Q

How does protease work?

A

Proteins —> peptides —> dipeptides —-> amino acids

29
Q

How does lipase work?

A

Triglycerides —> monoglyceride and fatty acids

BIOL 1205 (9 decks)

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