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psych 101 > module 1 - memory > Flashcards

module 1 - memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

Formation of a memory code by conversion into neural impulses

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2
Q

How is encoding done

A

through look, sound, meaning or feeling, to emphasize something

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3
Q

passive memory

A

a type of encoding that doesnt require any effort, most info is inaccurately remembered or lost

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4
Q

active memory

A

a type of encoding that requires effort, leads to superior memory performance

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5
Q

types of active memory

A

structural, phonemic, and semantic

- going from shallow to deep processing

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6
Q

structural memory

A

shallow processing, emphasis of physical structures of stimuli

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7
Q

phonemic memory

A

emphasis on what a word sounds like

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8
Q

semantic memory

A

emphasis on the meaning of verbal input

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9
Q

types of semantic memory

A

elaboration, self referent encoding, dual encoding

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10
Q

elaboration

A

linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding

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11
Q

self referent encoding

A

linking memory to something personally relevant

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12
Q

dual encoding

A

forming more than one type of coding for the same info

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13
Q

attention

A

focusing a narrow range of stimuli

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14
Q

why is attention important

A

how much someone remembers is linked to how they pay attention

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15
Q

storage

A

maintenance of memory over time

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16
Q

sensory memory

A

info collected by receptors held in visual and auditory register

  • held in visual register for quarter of second
  • held in auditory register for 1 second
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17
Q

photographic memory or eidetic

A

being able to hold in visual register for more time, couple extra seconds

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18
Q

types of storage

A

sensory memory, short term memory,

working memory, and long term memory

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19
Q

short term memory definition

A

sensory memory transferred to short term memory or working memory for further processing

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20
Q

short term memory

A
  • quality is dependent on level of attention
  • limited capacity store
  • maintains unrehearsed info for max 20 seconds
  • generally remember 3-4 items
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21
Q

rehearsal or inculcation

A

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking of info

eg. repeating phone number and forgetting it once dialed

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22
Q

chunking

A

grouped stimuli stored as a single unit to make it easier to remember

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23
Q

working memory

A
  • type of short term memory
  • includes the phonological loop that maintains speech input, articulation loop with maintains auditory store and visuo-spatial sketchpad which maintains mental picture that is all managed by the central executive
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24
Q

long term memory

A
  • converted by short term

- assumed to be unlimited capacity and permanently stored

25
Q

types of long term memory

A

prospective, retrospective, declarative and non declarative

26
Q

prospective memory

A

about performing actions in the future

27
Q

retrospective or impicit memory

A

about things in the past

28
Q

declarative

A

about facts and events

- can be described to another person

29
Q

types of declarative memory

A

episodic

or semantic

30
Q

episodic memory

A

where its chronological recollection of personal experiences

31
Q

semantic memory

A

where general knowledge not tied to time or where info was learned
- recollection of words, definitions, names, dates , faces, events, concepts or ideas

32
Q

non declarative memory (procedural)

A
  • cant be described to another person
    actions, skills operations, conditioned responses
  • example muscle memory when riding a bike
33
Q

semantic network

A

meaning of info are connected to one another in a network

  • nodes are the concepts and lines represent the connections
  • the length of the line is proportional the the depth of connection
34
Q

spreading activation

A

identification of related concept to the known subject

- easier as they are connected

35
Q

retrieval

A

recalling stored info from memory

- accessing long term stored memory

36
Q

types of retrival

A

recall, recognize

primacy, recency, serial position effect,

37
Q

recall

A

retrive from memory with no clues

38
Q

recognize

A

previously encountered information recognized from past

- multiple choice question

39
Q

primacy

A

remembering the beginning items of a list

40
Q

recency

A

remembering the last items of a list

41
Q

serial position effect

A

remembering items both at the beginning and end of a list

42
Q

decay

A

list info as time passes

43
Q

interference

A

competition of other material when accessing info

44
Q

reteroactive

A

type of interference where new info blocks old info

45
Q

proactive

A

old info interferes with ability to access new info

46
Q

types of errors in memory

A
  • omissions
  • substitutions
  • insertions
  • confabulation is entirely made up
  • source amnesia is forgetting others experience as your own
  • least accurate memory is the most vivid and thought about because have to be reconstructed every time
47
Q

leading question

A

presupposes truth about kind of answer likely to be correct

48
Q

how to study effectively

A

distributed study over long period of time rather than massed study in short amount of time

49
Q

types of learning

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

50
Q

classic conditioning

A

when stimulus acquires capacity to evoke response evoked by another stimulus originally
- eg. bell evoking same response of salvation that meat powder originally did

51
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning
- meat powder

52
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus

- salvation

53
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral now evokes response

- bell

54
Q

conditioned response

A

learned reaction to conditioned stimulus

- salvation

55
Q

extinction

A

gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response
- not unconditioned, suppressed doesn’t go away completely ( can come back if placed in same environment)
- strength of conditioned bond at beginning is very important
-

56
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearence of extinguished response after period of non exposure, typically weaker

57
Q

renewal effect

A

conditioned response is extinguished in different environemnt than where acquired
- when returned to original environment extinguished response reappears

58
Q

operant conditioning or instrumental

A

response controlled by consequence of actions coined by B. F. skinner

  • believed mind was a black box, could only observe physical stimuli and behavioural response
  • voluntary, positive or negative consequences determine whether response will be reinforced or not

psych 101 (1 decks)

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