Module 1 - Lesson 2 ( Human Anatomy & Physiology) Flashcards
What does the brain monitor and regulate ?
Body’s actions & reactions
What does the brain control ? (3 points)
1) Breathing & heart rate
2) Thinking & learning
3) Movement & co-ordination
What does the brain require inorder to remail healthy and function well ?
Good oxygenated blood supply, and glucose
The brain is only 2% of the total body weigh but it : (3 points)
1) Requires 15% of cardiac output
2) Consumes 20% of body oxygen
3) Utilises 25% of body glucose
The high requirements of the brain, and its sensitivity, will result in what reactions ? (3 points)
1) Changes in breathing & heart rate
2) Changes in thinking ability ; seen as condusion
3) Changes in co-ordination
Equation for cell metabolism :
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
What does the cells utilise glucose and oxygen for, and what are the waste products of this reaction ? (2 points)
1) Produce energy
2) Carbon dioxide & water are waste products
Why is it impossible to hold your breath dor more than a few minutes ? (2 point)
1) The brain is very sensitive to the build up of carbon dioxide
2) Will stimulate breathing to remove the waste product
What does the cardio-vascular system consist of ? (4 points)
1) Heart
2) Arteries
3) Veins
4) Capillaries
What does the heart pump blood away through, and to where ? (2 points)
1) Pumps the blood away through arteries
2) Pumps the blood to cells around the body
What carrys the blood back to the heart ?
The veins
What does the blood carry to the cells, and what does it remove ? (2 points)
1) Carries oxygen & nutrients
2) Removes waste products
Where are the waste products excreted from in the body via ? (4 points)
1) Lungs
2) Kidneys
3) Liver
4) digestive tract
What happens to the arteries as they branch around the body ? (3 points)
1) Become smaller & smaller
2) Becomes capillaries
3) Can only be viewed through a microscope
2 points about capillaries and there function :
1) One cell wide
2) Through the capillary walls that oxygen and nutrients are exchanges for waste products
What is the normal body temperature ?
37 degrees celsius
What do arteries & arteriols contain, what is their function (what is the technical term for this function) ? (3 points)
1) Contain muscle in their walls
2) Muscles contract to reduce the flow of blood through them
3) Vasoconstriction
Approximately how much blood is in the circulatory system ?
5 litres
Why does the brain control contraction of the vessels (give an example, what it causes, and the result) ? (5 points)
1) 5 litres of blood is not sufficient to supply the whole body all of the time
2) Controls contraction to send blood to where it is needed most
3) E.G. After a meal blood is needed by the digestive system, If exercise is undertaken immediatly after eating there is insuggicient blood supply to the muscles.
4) Causes a lack of oxygen for the production of energy and an inadequate supply of blood to remove waste products
5) Results in poor muscular performance & pain as waste products accumulate in the muscle
What happends as the heart contracts & relaxes ?
Blood is forced into the arteries in waves
What is blood pressure ?
Measurement of maximum & minimum pressures within the arteries
How is the BP written, and an example ? (2 points)
1) Highest (Systolic) pressure over the lowest (distolic) pressire
2) 120/80
When does a higher BP reading occour ?
When the heart contracts (systole) and the lower reading (diastol) when the heat relaxes
What are too devices / things to use to measure BP ? (2 points)
1) Sphygomomanometer
2) Battery Operated Automated BP Device
What is the blood surge in the arteries, and how can it be felt and where ? (3 points)
1) Pulse
2) Felt by pressing an artery against a bone
3) Can be felt usually in the neck, at the wrist or the inside of the elbow
What happens to the blood after it has passed through the capillary system (can you feel a pulse) ? (2 points)
1) The blood flow in the veins is smooth
2) Therefore a pulse is not felt in a vein
What to veins not contain in their walls ?
Muscle
Is the flow of blood active or passive as it returns to the heart ?
Passive
Why do veins have valves ?
To allow blood to flow to the heart in only one direction
Why is it (especially in elderly patients) noticable when the valves become less effective, particularly when going up right from laying down ?
1) The valves are less efficient , so the return of blood to the heart may be slower.
2) Noticable when going from laying down to up right, when the patient may experience dissiness because the flow of blood to the brain is reduced as their blood pressure falls
What is it called when if a patient sits up and ecperiences dissiness because the flow of blood to the brain is reduces as their blood pressure falls ?
Postural hypotension
What does the heart consist of ? (5 points)
1) 4 chambers :
2) 2 atria (1 is called an atrium
3) 2 ventricles
What are the major blood veins that give blood to the atria ? (3 points)
1) Superior vena cava (from upper body)
2) Inferior vena cava (from lower body)
3) Pulmonary veins (from lungs)
What major arteries is the blood pumped into from the ventricals (which receive the blood from the atria) ? (2 points)
1) Aorta
2) Pulmonary artery
What does the right side of the heart deal with, how does the blood become oxygenated again ? (3 points)
1) Deals with the blood that is lacking oxygen
2) Blood returning to the right atrium, via the superior vena cava, has low oxygen content
3) The blood enters the right ventriale from the right atrium where it is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to collect more oxygen
