Module 1 - Lesson 2 ( Human Anatomy & Physiology)

Question 1

What does the brain monitor and regulate ?

Answer 1

Body’s actions & reactions

Question 2

What does the brain control ? (3 points)

Answer 2

1) Breathing & heart rate
2) Thinking & learning
3) Movement & co-ordination

Question 3

What does the brain require inorder to remail healthy and function well ?

Answer 3

Good oxygenated blood supply, and glucose

Question 4

The brain is only 2% of the total body weigh but it : (3 points)

Answer 4

1) Requires 15% of cardiac output
2) Consumes 20% of body oxygen
3) Utilises 25% of body glucose

Question 5

The high requirements of the brain, and its sensitivity, will result in what reactions ? (3 points)

Answer 5

1) Changes in breathing & heart rate
2) Changes in thinking ability ; seen as condusion
3) Changes in co-ordination

Question 6

Equation for cell metabolism :

Answer 6

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 7

What does the cells utilise glucose and oxygen for, and what are the waste products of this reaction ? (2 points)

Answer 7

1) Produce energy
2) Carbon dioxide & water are waste products

Question 8

Why is it impossible to hold your breath dor more than a few minutes ? (2 point)

Answer 8

1) The brain is very sensitive to the build up of carbon dioxide
2) Will stimulate breathing to remove the waste product

Question 9

What does the cardio-vascular system consist of ? (4 points)

Answer 9

1) Heart
2) Arteries
3) Veins
4) Capillaries

Question 10

What does the heart pump blood away through, and to where ? (2 points)

Answer 10

1) Pumps the blood away through arteries
2) Pumps the blood to cells around the body

Question 11

What carrys the blood back to the heart ?

Answer 11

The veins

Question 12

What does the blood carry to the cells, and what does it remove ? (2 points)

Answer 12

1) Carries oxygen & nutrients
2) Removes waste products

Question 13

Where are the waste products excreted from in the body via ? (4 points)

Answer 13

1) Lungs
2) Kidneys
3) Liver
4) digestive tract

Question 14

What happens to the arteries as they branch around the body ? (3 points)

Answer 14

1) Become smaller & smaller
2) Becomes capillaries
3) Can only be viewed through a microscope

Question 15

2 points about capillaries and there function :

Answer 15

1) One cell wide
2) Through the capillary walls that oxygen and nutrients are exchanges for waste products

Question 16

What is the normal body temperature ?

Answer 16

37 degrees celsius

Question 17

What do arteries & arteriols contain, what is their function (what is the technical term for this function) ? (3 points)

Answer 17

1) Contain muscle in their walls
2) Muscles contract to reduce the flow of blood through them
3) Vasoconstriction

Question 18

Approximately how much blood is in the circulatory system ?

Answer 18

5 litres

Question 19

Why does the brain control contraction of the vessels (give an example, what it causes, and the result) ? (5 points)

Answer 19

1) 5 litres of blood is not sufficient to supply the whole body all of the time
2) Controls contraction to send blood to where it is needed most
3) E.G. After a meal blood is needed by the digestive system, If exercise is undertaken immediatly after eating there is insuggicient blood supply to the muscles.
4) Causes a lack of oxygen for the production of energy and an inadequate supply of blood to remove waste products
5) Results in poor muscular performance & pain as waste products accumulate in the muscle

Question 20

What happends as the heart contracts & relaxes ?

Answer 20

Blood is forced into the arteries in waves

Question 21

What is blood pressure ?

Answer 21

Measurement of maximum & minimum pressures within the arteries

Question 22

How is the BP written, and an example ? (2 points)

Answer 22

1) Highest (Systolic) pressure over the lowest (distolic) pressire
2) 120/80

Question 23

When does a higher BP reading occour ?

Answer 23

When the heart contracts (systole) and the lower reading (diastol) when the heat relaxes

Question 24

What are too devices / things to use to measure BP ? (2 points)

Answer 24

1) Sphygomomanometer
2) Battery Operated Automated BP Device

Question 25

What is the blood surge in the arteries, and how can it be felt and where ? (3 points)

Answer 25

1) Pulse
2) Felt by pressing an artery against a bone
3) Can be felt usually in the neck, at the wrist or the inside of the elbow

Question 26

What happens to the blood after it has passed through the capillary system (can you feel a pulse) ? (2 points)

Answer 26

1) The blood flow in the veins is smooth
2) Therefore a pulse is not felt in a vein

Question 27

What to veins not contain in their walls ?

Answer 27

Muscle

Question 28

Is the flow of blood active or passive as it returns to the heart ?

Answer 28

Passive

Question 29

Why do veins have valves ?

Answer 29

To allow blood to flow to the heart in only one direction

Question 30

Why is it (especially in elderly patients) noticable when the valves become less effective, particularly when going up right from laying down ?

Answer 30

1) The valves are less efficient , so the return of blood to the heart may be slower.
2) Noticable when going from laying down to up right, when the patient may experience dissiness because the flow of blood to the brain is reduced as their blood pressure falls

Question 31

What is it called when if a patient sits up and ecperiences dissiness because the flow of blood to the brain is reduces as their blood pressure falls ?

Answer 31

Postural hypotension

Question 32

What does the heart consist of ? (5 points)

Answer 32

1) 4 chambers :
2) 2 atria (1 is called an atrium
3) 2 ventricles

Question 33

What are the major blood veins that give blood to the atria ? (3 points)

Answer 33

1) Superior vena cava (from upper body)
2) Inferior vena cava (from lower body)
3) Pulmonary veins (from lungs)

Question 34

What major arteries is the blood pumped into from the ventricals (which receive the blood from the atria) ? (2 points)

Answer 34

1) Aorta
2) Pulmonary artery

Question 35

What does the right side of the heart deal with, how does the blood become oxygenated again ? (3 points)

Answer 35

1) Deals with the blood that is lacking oxygen
2) Blood returning to the right atrium, via the superior vena cava, has low oxygen content
3) The blood enters the right ventriale from the right atrium where it is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to collect more oxygen