Module 1; Lecture 2, What is life capable of

Question 1

Life is capable of what? ( 4)

Answer 1

1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Functional activity : movement, response to stimuli, metabolism, catabolism, excretion ( examples of functional activity)
4. Adaptation: change over time in response to the environment

Question 2

Is a virus alive?

Answer 2

This is tricky because it has one of the characteristics of being alive but a virus is not alive,

Question 3

Which characteristic of being alive does the virus have

Answer 3

A virus can adapt ( adaptation)

Question 4

Are zombies alive? How would you test to know if they are alive or not?

Answer 4

No, they don’t really have a metabolism, their reproduction is debatable… You can test this by putting 2 in a room see if they will reproduce, or test growth by measuring zombies over time,etc…

Question 5

What are the broadest taxonomic categories?

Answer 5

Domains and kingdoms

Question 6

Who is the father of taxonomy?

Answer 6

Carl Linneaus

Question 7

in 1969 how many kingdoms were there? vs later on

Answer 7

5 kingdoms vs later on 6 kingdoms, 3 domains.

Question 8

According to what are kingdoms in order of when they were added…

Answer 8

Cell type and method of obtaining energy, later on addition of molecule characteristics ( added last).

Question 9

What is prokarya ?

Answer 9

Bacteria & archaea

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the prokarya?

Answer 10

Single cell organisms, do not have membrane bound organelles, extremely adaptable, free living or colonial, very numerous

Question 11

Which prokarya is best is harsh environments?

Answer 11

Both are adaptable but Archaea does great in harsh environments.

Question 12

True or false, the acellular slime mold can solve maze problems?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are acellular slime molds, if they can move, how fast would they move at?

Answer 13

They ar gigantic blobs of moving mucus & they can move at about 5cm per hour.

Question 14

Are acellular slime molds alive?

Answer 14

NO, even tho its one cell & it can reform or can be separated, It has no brain, it has no organs, it has no neurons = It is not alive

Question 15

What are Eukarya?

Answer 15

Are single OR multicellular and have membrane bound organelles

Question 16

Most popular examples of Eukaryas?

Answer 16

plants, fungi, animals most popular example of this.

Question 17

Is there adaptation without reproduction?

Answer 17

NO. No adaptation without reproduction

Question 18

One of Darwin & Wallaces conclusion regarding natural barriers?

Answer 18

Natural barriers can serve to separate species (wallace)

Question 19

What did Darwin and Wallace have in common?

Answer 19

They were both beetle collectors

Question 20

Evolution by natural selection was whos idea? how did they come about this idea?

Answer 20

Darwin & Wallace, this idea came from observations.

Question 21

What are two things Darwin & Wallace observed?

Answer 21

1. There is a phenotypic variation
2. Variation is heritable

Question 22

What is a phenotype?

Answer 22

1. A phenotype is the observable characteristic of an organism, its the expression of the genotype (behaviour, development, morphology) Examples such as chickens or pigeons, snails, humans( skin colour).

Question 23

What does variation is heritable mean and how did they ( Darwin & Wallace) observe this.

Answer 23

Passed down from parents to offspring, wallace and darwin knew about this because of dog breeders.

Question 24

From who does the insights about ressources growing LINEARLY come from?

Answer 24

Thomas Malthus

Question 25

Whos theory is this? and what is the conclusion of this theory?

Answer 25

Thomas Malthus, the conclusion is that there is “Struggle for existence” as individuals compete for resources.

Question 26

What does “struggle for existence” result in ? ( 3)

Answer 26

1. Some phenotypes will be more successful in this struggle
2. Individuals with more the successful phenotype will survive(longer) and reproduce (more).
3. Because the variation is heritable, there will be more individuals with the successful phenotype in the next generation…

Question 27

What is the ability of an individual who reproduces more and survives longer?

Answer 27

An individuals ability to survive and reproduce its FITNESS

Question 28

Selection acts on what and what is this, describes its opposite.

Answer 28

Acts on PHENOTYPES :Observable traits expressed by an organism not GENOTYPES: Underlying genetic makeup

Question 29

mammals have how many copies of each gene? What are each called.

Answer 29

mammals have 2 copies of each gene, each is an ALLELE

Question 30

What is an allele?

Answer 30

Variant/copy of a gene

Question 31

True or False. Selection is not intentional?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Types of natural selection?

Answer 32

1. Stabilizing selection
2. Directional Selection

Question 33

What is stabilizing selection? Whats an example of this

Answer 33

When selection coming in from both sides so the mean is pretty stable. —Medical interventions can actually adjust the way natural selection is acting, ex: because of c sections there has been a change in the birth weight, allowing for bigger babies to survive a birth they wouldn’t without the c section.

Question 34

What is Directional Selection? Give an example?

Answer 34

Heritable phenotypic variation. The mice example, white mice on white sand, and brown mice on brown sand ( survival rate is better if they aren’t moved around, white mice won’t survive in brown sand for example)

Question 35

What is adaptation? They depend on what?

Answer 35

Arise from the phenotypic and genetic variation that is present, not built from scratch but built from what is there…

They will depend on the environment: Physical+social

Adaptations can result in generalists or specialists.

Question 36

3 steps Prokaryote to eukaryote in three steps;

Answer 36

1. acquiring a nucleus
2. acquiring mitochondria ( chemical energy production)
3. Acquiring chloroplasts ( light based energy production)

Question 37

What is it called when an ancestral prokaryote engulfes another prokaryote?

Answer 37

Endosymbiosis

Question 38

Evolution?

Answer 38

Change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Question 39

True or False, Evolution can occur thru natural selection.

Answer 39

True= Evolution can occur thru natural selection…. it comes in different forms ( Directional, stabilizing) AND results in adaptation.