Module 1: Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus
Bone marrow
Name 5 secondary lymphoid organs
Adenoids
Tonsils
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Intestine
GI system
Appendix
T/F
The innate immune system is specific
False
It is nonspecific
The innate system consists of what?
Physical barriers, chemical elements, neutrophils, and phagocytic cells
What adaptive immune system consists of what kind of cells?
B and T lymphocytes
What are memory cells?
Cells that can recognize the foreign agent after being previously exposed to it
What cells make up adaptive immunity
Memory cells
Name a disease OF the immune system
AIDS
Name a disease ON the immune system
Tuberculosis
Name a disease BY the immune system
Allergy
T/F
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens?
True
What are the 5 characteristics of the innate immune system?
Unchanging
Immediate
Nonspecific reactivities
Broad range of targets
No memory
What is another name for leukocytes?
White blood cells
These cells are the first responding leukocytes and are the most common cell in the immune system
Neutrophils
These cells are the most professional phagocytes, what ingest bacteria, as well as secrete cytokines
Macrophages
These cells are found in contact with the external environment, and act as a link between the innate and adaptive immune system
Dendritic cells
These cells secrete histamines and free radicals when activated and are important in allergic responses
Eosinophils
These cells secrete heparni and histamine
Basophils
These cells play a role in allergy and anaphylaxis through heparin and histamine release and are involved in wound healing and formation of new blood cells
Mast cells
These cells are large, granular, cytotoxic, and do not have T or B-cell receptors
Natural Killer Cells
Describe unenhanced attachment of phagocytosis
Attachment via the four receptors, as well as the nonspecific innate recognition of PAMPs through PRRs
Describe enhanced attachment
Attachment of opsonized microbe to the phagocytes
What are the four receptors that can attach a macrophage or neutrophil to a target cell
LPS receptor
Scavenger receptor
Mannose receptor
N-formyl methionyl receptor
What are residual bodies?
Material remaining in the phagolysosome that cannot be digested
What are the 6 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
Discrimination
Diversity
Specificity
Specialization
Memory
Self-limitation
T-cells require activation by what molecule?
Professional antigen-presenting cells
What are the non professional APCS?
MHC Class I
All nucleated cells
What are the professional APCS?
MHC Class II
Dendritic cells
B-lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages
T-cells recognize antigens in complex with the MHC molecules via what receptor?
The T-cell receptor (TCR)
Where do T cells originate?
In the bone marrow
T/F
Naiive T cells express both CD4 and CD8
False
They possess neither and are considered double negative cels
T/F
Helper T-cells contain CD4+
True
What are the two types of helper T-cells?
Th1 and Th2
What is the role of Th1 T-cells
Activation of macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
What is the role of Th2 T-cells?
Induce mature B-cells to differentiate into plasma B-cells in order to produce antibodies
What is another name for effector cells?
Cytotoxic T-cells
What characteristic surface markers are present on B-cells?
Antibodies
B7
CD40
Where do B-cells originate from?
The bone marrow
What immunoglobulin is present on immature B-cells
IgM
What immunoglobulin is present on mature B-cells
IgM and IgD
What immunoglobulin is found in high concentrations in the mucous membranes?
IgA
What immunoglobulin has no known biological affects?
IgD
What immunoglobulin has a role in allergic reactions?
IgE
What immunoglobulin can pass the placenta?
IgG
What is the most common immunoglobulin?
IgM
What immunoglobulin is the first antibody made at the sight of infection?
IgM
T/F
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
True
What is a hapten?
A small, organic molecule, that is antigenic by not immunogenic unless attached to a carrier protein
What is an adjuvant?
A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen when injected into a human, without resulting in the mounting of an immune response
What is an epitope?
The immunologically active region of an antigen
What are the 6 characteristics of an Ideal Vaccine?
Provide effective and long-lasting immunity
Be safe and easy to administer
Have no adverse reactions
Have no reversions to virulent forms
Be stable
Be available worldwide and inexpensive
What is antigenic shift?
When different types of influenza virus infect a single cell
What is antigenic drift?
When the virus obtains multiple point mutations making it unrecognizable
What are the 11 features to the structure of an immunoglobulin (sorry)
2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains
Interchain disulfide bond
Variable region
Fab region
Fc region
Contstant region
Hinge region
Domains folded into a globular region, containing intra-chain disulfide bonds
Ogliosaccarides
How many heavy chain isotypes do humans have
5
How many light chain isotypes do humans have
2
