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MICR 386 > Module 1: Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

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2
Q

Name 5 secondary lymphoid organs

A

Adenoids
Tonsils
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Intestine
GI system
Appendix

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3
Q

T/F
The innate immune system is specific

A

False
It is nonspecific

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4
Q

The innate system consists of what?

A

Physical barriers, chemical elements, neutrophils, and phagocytic cells

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5
Q

What adaptive immune system consists of what kind of cells?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Cells that can recognize the foreign agent after being previously exposed to it

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7
Q

What cells make up adaptive immunity

A

Memory cells

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8
Q

Name a disease OF the immune system

A

AIDS

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9
Q

Name a disease ON the immune system

A

Tuberculosis

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10
Q

Name a disease BY the immune system

A

Allergy

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11
Q

T/F
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens?

A

True

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12
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the innate immune system?

A

Unchanging
Immediate
Nonspecific reactivities
Broad range of targets
No memory

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13
Q

What is another name for leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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14
Q

These cells are the first responding leukocytes and are the most common cell in the immune system

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

These cells are the most professional phagocytes, what ingest bacteria, as well as secrete cytokines

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

These cells are found in contact with the external environment, and act as a link between the innate and adaptive immune system

A

Dendritic cells

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17
Q

These cells secrete histamines and free radicals when activated and are important in allergic responses

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

These cells secrete heparni and histamine

A

Basophils

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19
Q

These cells play a role in allergy and anaphylaxis through heparin and histamine release and are involved in wound healing and formation of new blood cells

A

Mast cells

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20
Q

These cells are large, granular, cytotoxic, and do not have T or B-cell receptors

A

Natural Killer Cells

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21
Q

Describe unenhanced attachment of phagocytosis

A

Attachment via the four receptors, as well as the nonspecific innate recognition of PAMPs through PRRs

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22
Q

Describe enhanced attachment

A

Attachment of opsonized microbe to the phagocytes

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23
Q

What are the four receptors that can attach a macrophage or neutrophil to a target cell

A

LPS receptor
Scavenger receptor
Mannose receptor
N-formyl methionyl receptor

24
Q

What are residual bodies?

A

Material remaining in the phagolysosome that cannot be digested

25
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Discrimination
Diversity
Specificity
Specialization
Memory
Self-limitation

26
Q

T-cells require activation by what molecule?

A

Professional antigen-presenting cells

27
Q

What are the non professional APCS?

A

MHC Class I
All nucleated cells

28
Q

What are the professional APCS?

A

MHC Class II
Dendritic cells
B-lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages

29
Q

T-cells recognize antigens in complex with the MHC molecules via what receptor?

A

The T-cell receptor (TCR)

30
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

In the bone marrow

31
Q

T/F
Naiive T cells express both CD4 and CD8

A

False
They possess neither and are considered double negative cels

32
Q

T/F
Helper T-cells contain CD4+

A

True

33
Q

What are the two types of helper T-cells?

A

Th1 and Th2

34
Q

What is the role of Th1 T-cells

A

Activation of macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

What is the role of Th2 T-cells?

A

Induce mature B-cells to differentiate into plasma B-cells in order to produce antibodies

36
Q

What is another name for effector cells?

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

37
Q

What characteristic surface markers are present on B-cells?

A

Antibodies
B7
CD40

38
Q

Where do B-cells originate from?

A

The bone marrow

39
Q

What immunoglobulin is present on immature B-cells

A

IgM

40
Q

What immunoglobulin is present on mature B-cells

A

IgM and IgD

41
Q

What immunoglobulin is found in high concentrations in the mucous membranes?

A

IgA

42
Q

What immunoglobulin has no known biological affects?

A

IgD

43
Q

What immunoglobulin has a role in allergic reactions?

A

IgE

44
Q

What immunoglobulin can pass the placenta?

A

IgG

45
Q

What is the most common immunoglobulin?

A

IgM

46
Q

What immunoglobulin is the first antibody made at the sight of infection?

A

IgM

47
Q

T/F
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

True

48
Q

What is a hapten?

A

A small, organic molecule, that is antigenic by not immunogenic unless attached to a carrier protein

49
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen when injected into a human, without resulting in the mounting of an immune response

50
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The immunologically active region of an antigen

51
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of an Ideal Vaccine?

A

Provide effective and long-lasting immunity
Be safe and easy to administer
Have no adverse reactions
Have no reversions to virulent forms
Be stable
Be available worldwide and inexpensive

52
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

When different types of influenza virus infect a single cell

53
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

When the virus obtains multiple point mutations making it unrecognizable

54
Q

What are the 11 features to the structure of an immunoglobulin (sorry)

A

2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains
Interchain disulfide bond
Variable region
Fab region
Fc region
Contstant region
Hinge region
Domains folded into a globular region, containing intra-chain disulfide bonds
Ogliosaccarides

55
Q

How many heavy chain isotypes do humans have

A

5

56
Q

How many light chain isotypes do humans have

A

2

MICR 386 (1 decks)

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