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AP Psychology > Module 1: Introduction to Psychology > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

How did John Locke understand the mind?

A

He argued that people gained their knowledge, traits, and intelligence from their own experiences

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2
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Blank slate - on which experience writes on

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt - Contributions

A
  1. Contributed to idea of Structuralism
  2. Created first psychology laboratory
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4
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of thought that studied relationships between the mind’s elements

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5
Q

Edward Titchener - Contributions

A
  1. Introduced idea of Structuralism
  2. Used introspection to study the mind
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6
Q

Introspection - What is it and why doesn’t it work all the time?

A

Process of looking inward to understand how mental processes work - Need volunteers that are able to clearly express their own thoughts verbally

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7
Q

William James - Contributions

A
  1. Authored First Psychology Textbook
  2. Created idea of Functionalism
  3. Mentored Mary Whiton Calkins
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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Explored how different mental processes and behavior evolved - Argued that it must work the way it does for a functional reason

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9
Q

Behaviorism - Founders

A

John B. Watson and B. F Skinner

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Perspective that argued Psychology is objective, and only the observable behavior should be studied without looking at the inward mental processes

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11
Q

Freudian Psychology

A

Perspective that argued that childhood experiences and unconscious processes affected behavior and mental processes

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12
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

New and revolutionary perspective that focused on the minds’s ability to grow

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13
Q

Modern Def. of Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes; behavior being what we do that’s observable, and mental processes being the internal and subjective experiences

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14
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

One of the largest debates in psychology - Are traits inherited or do they come from experience?

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15
Q

Nature vs. Nurture: Nature

A

Socrates and Plato - Argued that traits such as intelligence and character are inherited

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16
Q

Nature vs. Nurture: Nurture

A

John Locke - Experience builds character and intelligence

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17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

How we learn observable responses

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18
Q

Biological Perspective

A

How the body enables emotions, sensations, and experiences; How genes and the environment affect individual differences

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19
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How we evolved to promote the survival of certain genes

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20
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How we encode, process, and store information

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21
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

How our behavior comes from and is influenced by unconscious processes

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22
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

How we can achieve growth and fulfillment within our lives

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23
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

How behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures

24
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe that we could have seen the result of an event after said event has occurred

25
Overconfidence
Tendency to be overconfident in judgements leads us to look for answers that confirm our bias
26
Operational Definition
Carefully worded statement of exact procedures and operations that allow other researchers to replicate the experiment
27
Case Studies
Individual studies about a patient
28
Case Studies- Advantages
Can reveal universal truths about our brain
29
Case Studies - Disadvantages
Atypical case studies can skew perception and fill more bias about something - people tend to remember more wild studies
30
Naturalistic Observation
Observing people and behaviors without changing any situation to remove bias
31
Naturalistic Observation - Advantages
Reveals truths about people in an unobtrusive manner
32
Naturalistic Observation - Disadvantages
Doesn't tell us why people act the way that they do - doesn't describe mental processes
33
Surveys
Method of asking questions to a sample size to get a better understanding of the population
34
Surveys - Advantages
Can get more insight and information into how people think - the information Is also more reliable as it comes from the population themselves
35
Surveys - Disadvantages
You have to word things carefully and have a reliable sample size- cases that don't represent the general population can lead to sampling bias
36
Range of Correlation Coefficients
Correlation that ranges from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the correlation coefficient - indicates that there is a strong positive correlation. Closer to -1 the correlation coefficient is - indicates stronger negative correlation
37
Illusionary Correlation
Seeing a relation that is stronger than it actually is or seeing a correlation where there isn't one at all.
38
Purpose of Experiment
To manipulate one or more independent variables to see the effect on the dependent variable
39
Experimental group
Group that gets the independent variable changes
40
Control group
Group that doesn't have the independent variables change - serves as comparison
41
Why is random assignment important?
To remove any pre-existing differences between the groups - make everyone as equal as possible
42
Random sampling vs. Random Assigment
Random sampling is a method to create a representative sample of the population while random assignment is a way to experimental and control groups equal
43
Confounding Variable
Other variable that can change or alter the experiments results
44
Single-Blind Study
Study where people don't know which group they're in
45
Double-Blind Study
Study where observers don't know which people are in which group along with the people themselves
46
Why might deception be necessary?
When the observers believe that it is essential and justifiable, such as looking at mood swings
47
APA Guidelines for conducting research
1. Take informed consent from participants beforehand 2. Minimizing any unnecessary pain or discomfort 3. Keep participation information confidential 4. Debrief participants after it's done
48
Debriefing
Explanation of the experiment, including the purpose and any temporary deception
49
Mode
Most frequently occurring score
50
Mean
Arithmetic Average
51
Median
Scores or midpoint when data is arranged from lowest to highest
52
Range
Difference between largest and smallest values
53
Standard Deviation
How much scores vary around the mean - measure of central tendency
54
Normal Curve
Symmetrical, bell shaped curve - most scores are near the mean
55
Statistical Significance
How reliable the data is - When sample averages are more reliable, and less variability there is, the more reliable the data is

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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