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AP Psychology > Module 1: Introduction to Psychology > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

How did John Locke understand the mind?

A

He argued that people gained their knowledge, traits, and intelligence from their own experiences

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2
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Blank slate - on which experience writes on

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt - Contributions

A
  1. Contributed to idea of Structuralism
  2. Created first psychology laboratory
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4
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of thought that studied relationships between the mind’s elements

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5
Q

Edward Titchener - Contributions

A
  1. Introduced idea of Structuralism
  2. Used introspection to study the mind
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6
Q

Introspection - What is it and why doesn’t it work all the time?

A

Process of looking inward to understand how mental processes work - Need volunteers that are able to clearly express their own thoughts verbally

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7
Q

William James - Contributions

A
  1. Authored First Psychology Textbook
  2. Created idea of Functionalism
  3. Mentored Mary Whiton Calkins
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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Explored how different mental processes and behavior evolved - Argued that it must work the way it does for a functional reason

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9
Q

Behaviorism - Founders

A

John B. Watson and B. F Skinner

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Perspective that argued Psychology is objective, and only the observable behavior should be studied without looking at the inward mental processes

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11
Q

Freudian Psychology

A

Perspective that argued that childhood experiences and unconscious processes affected behavior and mental processes

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12
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

New and revolutionary perspective that focused on the minds’s ability to grow

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13
Q

Modern Def. of Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes; behavior being what we do that’s observable, and mental processes being the internal and subjective experiences

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14
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

One of the largest debates in psychology - Are traits inherited or do they come from experience?

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15
Q

Nature vs. Nurture: Nature

A

Socrates and Plato - Argued that traits such as intelligence and character are inherited

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16
Q

Nature vs. Nurture: Nurture

A

John Locke - Experience builds character and intelligence

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17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

How we learn observable responses

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18
Q

Biological Perspective

A

How the body enables emotions, sensations, and experiences; How genes and the environment affect individual differences

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19
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How we evolved to promote the survival of certain genes

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20
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How we encode, process, and store information

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21
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

How our behavior comes from and is influenced by unconscious processes

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22
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

How we can achieve growth and fulfillment within our lives

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23
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

How behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures

24
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe that we could have seen the result of an event after said event has occurred

25
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to be overconfident in judgements leads us to look for answers that confirm our bias

26
Q

Operational Definition

A

Carefully worded statement of exact procedures and operations that allow other researchers to replicate the experiment

27
Q

Case Studies

A

Individual studies about a patient

28
Q

Case Studies- Advantages

A

Can reveal universal truths about our brain

29
Q

Case Studies - Disadvantages

A

Atypical case studies can skew perception and fill more bias about something - people tend to remember more wild studies

30
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing people and behaviors without changing any situation to remove bias

31
Q

Naturalistic Observation - Advantages

A

Reveals truths about people in an unobtrusive manner

32
Q

Naturalistic Observation - Disadvantages

A

Doesn’t tell us why people act the way that they do - doesn’t describe mental processes

33
Q

Surveys

A

Method of asking questions to a sample size to get a better understanding of the population

34
Q

Surveys - Advantages

A

Can get more insight and information into how people think - the information Is also more reliable as it comes from the population themselves

35
Q

Surveys - Disadvantages

A

You have to word things carefully and have a reliable sample size- cases that don’t represent the general population can lead to sampling bias

36
Q

Range of Correlation Coefficients

A

Correlation that ranges from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the correlation coefficient - indicates that there is a strong positive correlation. Closer to -1 the correlation coefficient is - indicates stronger negative correlation

37
Q

Illusionary Correlation

A

Seeing a relation that is stronger than it actually is or seeing a correlation where there isn’t one at all.

38
Q

Purpose of Experiment

A

To manipulate one or more independent variables to see the effect on the dependent variable

39
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that gets the independent variable changes

40
Q

Control group

A

Group that doesn’t have the independent variables change - serves as comparison

41
Q

Why is random assignment important?

A

To remove any pre-existing differences between the groups - make everyone as equal as possible

42
Q

Random sampling vs. Random Assigment

A

Random sampling is a method to create a representative sample of the population while random assignment is a way to experimental and control groups equal

43
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Other variable that can change or alter the experiments results

44
Q

Single-Blind Study

A

Study where people don’t know which group they’re in

45
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

Study where observers don’t know which people are in which group along with the people themselves

46
Q

Why might deception be necessary?

A

When the observers believe that it is essential and justifiable, such as looking at mood swings

47
Q

APA Guidelines for conducting research

A
  1. Take informed consent from participants beforehand
  2. Minimizing any unnecessary pain or discomfort
  3. Keep participation information confidential
  4. Debrief participants after it’s done
48
Q

Debriefing

A

Explanation of the experiment, including the purpose and any temporary deception

49
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score

50
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic Average

51
Q

Median

A

Scores or midpoint when data is arranged from lowest to highest

52
Q

Range

A

Difference between largest and smallest values

53
Q

Standard Deviation

A

How much scores vary around the mean - measure of central tendency

54
Q

Normal Curve

A

Symmetrical, bell shaped curve - most scores are near the mean

55
Q

Statistical Significance

A

How reliable the data is - When sample averages are more reliable, and less variability there is, the more reliable the data is

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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