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Clinical Parasitology > Module 1: Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of those living closely to each other.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

Parasitology

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3
Q

It is concern primarily with parasites that affect humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in human communities.

A

Medical Parasitology

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4
Q

Deals with parasites which cause human infections and diseases they produce.

A

Medical Parasitology

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5
Q

Studies biological features and geographic distribution of parasitic worms, the course of helminthic invasions, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and control of helminthic diseases.

A

Medical Heminthology

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6
Q

Two (2) Pain Phyla of Medical Helminthology

A
  1. ) Platyhelminthes

2. Nemahelminthes

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7
Q

Deal with parasite of unicellular origin

A

Medical Protozoolgy

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8
Q

Parasites belonging to protozoans

A

Medical Protozoology

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9
Q

Living together of organisms which differs phylogenteically. Also, involves protection or other advantages to one or both organism.

A

Symbiosis

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10
Q

Any two organism living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other

A

Symbiotic

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11
Q

Contrasted with free living.

A

Symbiotic

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12
Q

It exists when two symbiots are merely traveling together, and there is no physiological or biochemical dependence.

A

Phoresis

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13
Q

Different forms of Symbiosis

A
  1. ) Commensalism,
  2. ) Mutualism,
  3. ) Paratism
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14
Q

A relationship in which two species benefits from the relationship without harmong or benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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15
Q

“Eating at the same table”, it may be facultative or obligate

A

Commensalism

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16
Q

A type of symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other and usually obligatory.

A

Mutualism

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17
Q

Is a relationship in which one of the participants, the parasite, either harms, its host or in some sense lives at the expense of the host.

A

Parasitism

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18
Q

Give the four (4) parasites according to their habitat or mode of developement.

A
  1. ) Endoparasite
  2. ) Ectoparasite
  3. ) Erratic
  4. ) Free-living Parasite
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19
Q

Parasite that living inside the body of the host (infection)

A

Endoparasite

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20
Q

A endoparasite the could be found in lumen of intestines or their hollow organs.

A

Coelozoic

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21
Q

Endoparasite that lived within the tissues

A

Histozoic

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22
Q

Parasite living outside the body of the host (infestation).

A

Ectoparasite

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23
Q

Parasite that is found in an organ that is not its usual habitat

A

Erratic

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24
Q

Nonparasitic stages of active existence

A

Free-living parasite

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25
Q

Give the seven (7) classification of Endoparasites

A
  1. ) Obligate Parasites
  2. ) Facultative Parasites
  3. ) Accidental / Incidental Parasites
  4. ) Permanent Parasite
  5. ) Temporary Parasite
  6. ) Spurious Parasite
  7. ) Aberrant Parasite
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26
Q

A parasites that need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species.

A

Obligate Parasites

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27
Q

Parasite that may free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.

A

Facultative Parasites

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28
Q

Parasite that establish itself in a host where does not ordinarily live.

A

Accidental / Incidental Parasite

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29
Q

Parasite that remains on or in the body of host for its entire life

A

Permanent Parasite

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30
Q

A parasite that lives on a host only for a short period of time.

A

Temporary parasite

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31
Q

A free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

Spurious Parasite

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32
Q

A parasite which infects a host where they cannot develop further.

A

Aberrant Parasite

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33
Q

The five (5) Types of Host

A
  1. ) Definitive / Final Host
  2. ) Intermediate Host
  3. ) Paratenic or Transport Host
  4. ) Reservoir Host
  5. ) Incidental Host
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34
Q

Host which parasites attains sexual maturity.

A

Definitive / Final Host

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35
Q

It harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite, could be either be first or secod host

A

Intermediate host

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36
Q

One in which the parasite does not undergo any development but in which in which remains live and infective to another host

A

Paratenic Host / Transport Host

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37
Q

It serves as a bridge between the intermediate and definitive host.

A

Paratenic / Transport Host

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38
Q

Any animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to human.

A

Reservoir Host

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39
Q

Most important host in the spread of the disease.

A

Incidental Host

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40
Q

Parasites develop only in a restricted range of host species, some infecting only a single host species.

A

Host Specificity

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41
Q

Parasite host other parasites

A

Hyperparatism

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42
Q

Organism which are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vectors

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43
Q

Transmits the parasitic only after the latter has completed its development within the host.

A

Biological Vectors or True Vectors

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44
Q

Parasitic Disease of Mosquito

A

Malaria; Filariasis

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45
Q

Parasitic Disease of Sandflies

A

Kala-azar

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46
Q

Parasitic Disease of Tsetse Flies

A

Sleeping sickness

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47
Q

Parasitic Disease of Reduvid bugs

A

Chagas’ Disease

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48
Q

Parasitic Disease of Ticks

A

Babesiosis

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49
Q

It only transports the parasite.

A

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

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50
Q

Example or Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

A

Housefly-Amoebiasis

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51
Q

It is harmful, frequently causes mechanical injury to host.

A

Pathogen

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52
Q

Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

Carrier

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53
Q

Process of Inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

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54
Q

Establishment of the infective agent in the host

A

Infection

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55
Q

It is a period between infection and the evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation or Clinical Incubation Period

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56
Q

Period between infection and acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.

A

Pre-patent or Biologic Incubation Period

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57
Q

An infected individuals becomes his own direct source of infection.

A

Autoinfection

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58
Q

The already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

A

Superinfection or Hyperinfection

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59
Q

What are the sources of infection?

A
  1. ) Contaminated soil and water
  2. ) Food
  3. ) Vectors
  4. ) Person to person
  5. ) Autoinfection
  6. ) Animals
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60
Q

The most common method of transmission.

A

Oral Transmission

61
Q

Mode of transmission through oral route by contaminated food and water.

A

Oral Transmission

62
Q

Parasites through eating food with infective stages

A

Taenia Saginata, Taenia Solium, Diphyllobotrium latum

63
Q

Parasites through drinking contaminated water

A

Entamoeba histolytica, Gardia lamblia

64
Q

Parasites through ingesting raw or improperly cooked fish

A

Clonorchis, Opistorchis, Haplorchis

65
Q

Parasites through skintransmission of soil

A

Hookworm and strongyloides

66
Q

Parasite through skin transmission of water

A

Schistosoma

67
Q

Example agents are malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, trpanosomiasis, and babesiosis

A

Arthropods

68
Q

Parasite that can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy.

A

Taxoplasma Gondii

69
Q

Taxoplasma gondii is example

A

vertical or congenital transmission

70
Q

It can be transmitted through mother’s milk.

A

Ancylostoma and Strongyloides

71
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Inhalation

72
Q

Direct transmission through kissing

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

73
Q

Direct transmission through sexual intercourse

A

Trichomoniasis

74
Q

It was seen in case of transfusion malaria and toxoplasmosis after organ transplantation.

A

Iatrogenic Transmission

75
Q

The parasite requires only single host to complete its development

A

Direct Life Cycle

76
Q

The parasite requires 2 or more species of host to complete its development

A

Indirect Life Cycle

77
Q

Two important Stages in a parasite’s life cycle

A
  1. ) Infective Stage

2. ) Diagnostic Stage

78
Q

It follows theninternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature

A

Nomenclature

79
Q

The names of genera and species are

A

Italicized or underlines when written

80
Q

Correct/ Not Correct:

Ascaris lumbricoides, Malaria spp.

A

Correct

81
Q

Study of patterns, distribution, and occurence of diseases

A

Epidemiology

82
Q

Study of analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.

A

Epidemiology

83
Q

number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

A

Incidence

84
Q

Number of percentage of individuals estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.

A

Prevalence

85
Q

Also known as worm burden

A

Intensity of Infection

86
Q

It is a burden of infection related to the number of norm per infected persons

A

Intensity of Infection

87
Q

Clinical consequences of infections or diseases affecting an individual’s well being

A

Morbidity

88
Q

Percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite.

A

Cumulative prevalence

89
Q

Use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.

A

Deworming

90
Q

Number of percentage of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on stool/urine exam after deworming

A

Cure Rate

91
Q

Percentage fall in egg counts after deworming

A

Egg Reduction Rate (ERR)

92
Q

Types or treatment methods

A
  1. ) Selective
  2. ) Targeted
  3. ) Universal
  4. ) Perventive Chemotheraphy
93
Q

Individual level of deworming and treatment is based in diagnosis and intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds

A

Selective

94
Q

Group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be certain characteristics

A

Targeted

95
Q

Is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of group characteristics

A

Universal

96
Q

Regular , systematic, a large scale intervention

A

Preventive Chemotheraphy

97
Q

Aim to reduce morbidity transmission of selected helminths infections

A

Preventive Chemotheraphy

98
Q

Proportion of target population reached by an intervention

A

Coverage

99
Q

Effect of drug against an infective of drug against an infective agent in in ideal experimental conditions

A

Efficacy

100
Q

Measure of the effect of drug againts an infective agent in a particular host

A

Effectiveness

101
Q

A parasite previously sensitive to an appropriate therapeutic drug host

A

Drug Resistance

102
Q

Avoidance of illness caused by infection

A

Morbidity Control

103
Q

a health education strategy with purpose to encourage the people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices

A

Information-education communication(IEC)

104
Q

Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factos or interaction with human beings to prevent or minimize vector ot intermediate propagation and reduction contactingbetween humans and the infective agent.

A

Environmental Management

105
Q

It involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks

A

Environmental Sanitation

106
Q

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Eradication

107
Q

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area and continued interventions still required

A

Elimination

108
Q

The three (3) damages of parasite to Host

A
  1. ) Parasitic Enzymes
  2. ) Invasion and Destruction of Host Tissues
  3. ) Nutrient Deprivation to Host
109
Q

Secretory or Excretory metabolize nutrients obtained from the host and store these for energy production.

A

Parasitic Enzymes

110
Q

One example are invasion of Malarial parasites to RBC’s, deposition of Schistosoma Japonicum eggs in liver causing granuloma formation and fibrosis

A

Invasion and Destruction ot Host Tissues

111
Q

one example is hookworm infection causes chronic blood loss and Iron defiency anemia and Diphyllobotriuml latum competes gor Vitamin B12 leading to megaloblastic anemia.

A

Nutrient Deprivation Anemia

112
Q

The three (3) outcome of infection

A
  1. ) Genetic makeup
  2. ) Nutritional Status
  3. ) Immune Processes
113
Q

influences the host-parasite interaction fir instance sickle cell trait confers protection ti plasmodium falciparum, while the presence of Duffy boood factor kncrease susceptibility to Plasmodium vivas infection.

A

Genetic Makeup

114
Q

Diet rich in protein is not suitable for developemnt of intestinal protozoans on the other hand low protein diet may induce risk for amoebiasis.

A

Nutritional Status

115
Q

Rare absolute immunity to protozoans and probably never to helminthic infection

A

Immune Processes

116
Q

T/F:
The following can result in a host and parasite interaction if it does not result in injury and pathology.

  1. ) parasite fails to become established in the host
  2. ) Parasites becomes established and the hist eliminates the infection
  3. ) Parasites become established and the host begins to overcome theninfection but is not totally successful
  4. ) Parasites becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself
  5. ) Parasite becomes established and kills the host
A
  1. ) parasite fails to become established in the host -T
  2. ) Parasites becomes established and the hist eliminates the infection -T
  3. ) Parasites become established and the host begins to overcome theninfection but is not totally successful-T
  4. ) Parasites becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself-T
  5. ) Parasite becomes established and kills the host-T
117
Q

The Primary defense of the Body

A
  1. ) Natural Physical Barriers
  2. ) Chemical Components of body fluids
  3. ) Physiologic functions
118
Q

Skin and mucous membrane lining the respiratory, gastrointertinal and genitourinary tracts

A

Natural Physical Barriers

119
Q

Lipase content of breast and lyzozymes found in tears and saliva, and especially Immunoglobin aa (IgA) in these fluids

A

Chemical Components of Body Fluids

120
Q

Peristalsis, motion of cillia, human reflexes like coughing and flushing action of urine

A

Physiologic functions

121
Q

The secondary defense of the Body

A
  1. ) Innate immune response

2. ) Acquired Immune Response

122
Q

Happens when the body detects and eliminates pathogens through non-specific mechanisms to destroy or hinder invading organism.

A

Innate Immune Response

123
Q

Example of Innate Immune-Response

A
  1. ) Phagocytosis

2. ) Toll like receptors

124
Q

Specific response to the parasite begins to the parasite begins when parasitic antigens are processes and presented to immune cells

A

Acquired Immune Response

125
Q

Example of Acquired Immune Response

A
  1. ) Cell mediated acquired immune response

2. ) Antibody-mediated acquired immune response

126
Q

What are the different parasite evasion Mechanism?

A
  1. ) Resistance to Immune Response
  2. ) Immune Suppression
  3. ) Antigenic Variation
  4. ) Host Mimicry
  5. ) Intracellular Sequestration
127
Q

Examples are resistant to complement proteins and presence of cuticle and integument making difficult for cytotoxic granules of immune cells to penetrate.

A

Resistance to Immune Response

128
Q

Parasites can also refuse immune of function of macrophages casuing decrease phagocytosis and antigen processing

A

Immune Suppression

129
Q

Changing of antigenic profile of the parasite of their surface coat through variant surface glycoproteins

A

Antigenic Variation

130
Q

Parasites can acquire antigenic molecules from the host

A

Host mimicry

131
Q

Parasites reproduce inside Phagocytic cell

A

Intracellular Sequestration

132
Q

Roundworm

A

Nematodes

133
Q

Tapeworm

A

Cestodes

134
Q

Flukes

A

Trematodes

135
Q

Unsegmented helminths with bilateral symmetry, have a fully functional digestive tract, are usually long and cyclindrical and vary from a few millimeters to over a meter long.

A

Nematodes (Roundworm)

136
Q

Its mode of infection of Nematodes

A

Ingestion of embryonated eggs or infective larvae,
skin penetration,
vector bite,
inhalation of embryonated eggs

137
Q

It is a ribbon-like (segmented) platyhelminthes (flatworm) that live in the intestinal tract of vertebrate as adults and in the tissues or body cavities of various intermediate host as larvae

A

Cestodes (Tapeworm)

138
Q

Mode of Infection of Cestodes

A

Consumption of infected intermediate hosts

139
Q

Dorso ventrally flattened helminths (platyhelminths) characterized by the presence of oral sucker, through which the digestive tract opens and a ventral sucker (acetabulum) used for attachment.

A

Trematodes (Flukes)

140
Q

Mode of Infection of Trematodes

A

Ingestion of intermediate host, skin penetration

141
Q

Provided with nucleus or nuclei, cytoplasm, an outer lining

membrane, and organelles.

A

Protozoans

142
Q

Form infective stages (cyst) which are resistant to environmental changes compared to vegetative stages (trophozoite)

A

Protozoans

143
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical organism with segmented and joined appendages

A

Arthropods

144
Q

Examples are Insects, mites, ticks, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipeded, and crustaceans

A

Arthropods

145
Q

Most common arthopods

A

Lices and Ticks

146
Q

Vectors that are acquired to infected human/ animal

A

Infected Vector

147
Q

Vectors taht supports growth

A

Infective

148
Q

Factors that affecting thebectors abundance and patjogens transmission

A
  1. ) Temperature
  2. ) Humidity
  3. ) Rainfalls

Clinical Parasitology (1 decks)

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