Module 1 - Introduction to mental health nursing Flashcards
In what century were there strong religious influences in Europe believed that mental illness indicate demonic possession or sin?
What happened in the 15th century?
Pre 15th century
- 15th Century:
o Islamic societies have asylums, which Europe then opened
o In Europe, many people kept in asylums were denied basic human rights, such as they were left hungry, exposed to cold
PUT IN ORDER
1) Change to shorter hospital stay, with community care, though resources did not match needs
2) Pharmaceutical discoveries, leading to a gradual shift from provincial institutions
3) National advocacy, recovery movement, national mental health strategy
4) Integration of psychiatric care into general community hospitals, phase of transinstitutionalization
2, 4, 1, 3
Discuss the historical perspectives of the treatment for patients with mental illness
1) Mental illnesss = demonic possession or sin
2) Europe opened asylums, those were denied basic human rights
3) All asylums run by males, which only provided custodial care (weren’t trained). Family or religious orders cared for mentally ill (poor sent to jail)
4) 1st Canadian asylum opened, rich cared for by families, poor went to asylums
5) Asylums became more popular; overcrowding happened, led to inhumane conditions, mental illness undertreated, nurses only helped with ADLs
6) Social deformers recognized the harsh tx of the mentally ill was inhuman and lobbied for the mentally ill
7) Antipsychotics and antidepressants introduced (1950s) which helped ppl live outside institutions
8) Deinstitutionalization began; caused problems - those discharged were either imprisoned or lived on streets (housing inadequate, lack of skills)
Relate the concept of social change to the history of mental health care
- Social reformers recognized the harsh treatment of the mentally ill and lobbied for more humane environments
- CNA was formed and advocated for standardization of nursing education
- Deinstitutionalization led shift from institutions to community care
List 6 influences that can have an impact on an individuals mental health
- available support system (friends, family, community)
- Biological influences
- Hormonal influences
- Health practices and beliefs
- Developmental events
- Demographic and geographic locations
- Spirituality, religious influencces
- Negative influences: psychosocial stressors, poverty, impaired/inadequate parenting
Explain the purpose of and how the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-5 is used to classify mental disorders and diagnose psychiatric disorders
- To provide clinicians, educators, researchers, with common framework to understand and communicate about mental disorders
- Classifies around 350 mental disorders with evidence that suggests symptoms and causes of a number of them are influenced by cultural and ethnic factors.
Describe 4 common cognitive distortions and an example of each
- All-or-nothing thinking (ex. Marcia earned 2nd highest score in skating, yet she consistently referred to herself as a loser)
- Overgeneralization – using a bad outcome (or a few) as evidence that nothing will ever go right (ex. Marty had minor traffic accident, refuses to drive, says “I shouldn’t be allowed on the road, I’m a horrible driver”)
- Labeling – generalizing a characteristic or event so that it becomes definitive and results in an overly harsh for self or others (ex. “because I failed the advanced statistics exam, I am a failure and might as well give up and quit nursing”)
- Emotional reasoning – Drawing a conclusion based on an emotional state (“im nervous about the exam, I must not be prepared. If I was, I wouldn’t be afraid”)
explain Freud’s psychoanalytical theory
Believed the majority of mental health disorders were caused by unresolved issues that originated in childhood.
- Levels of awareness: Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
- Personality structure: Id (Pleasure principle, Reflex action, Primary process); Ego (Problem solver, Reality tester); Superego (Moral component)
- Defence mechanisms and anxiety: Operate on unconscious level; Deny, falsify, or distort reality to make it less threatening
Describe the two concepts from classic psychoanalysis used to guide contemporary mental health nursing: Transference and counter-transference
- Transference refers to redirection of a patient’s feelings for a significant person to the therapist. When it occurs, these feelings become available for exploration with the pt. this helps patient better understand certain feelings and behaviours
- countertransference can be defined as the therapist’s emotional reaction to the client. (ex. a therapist finds herself feeling protective and parental towards a client, as that client may be reminding her of her own child)
what are the implications of psychoanalytical theory for nursing practice?
- Formation of personality is influenced by many diverse sources rooted in past events
- by considering conscious and unconscious influences, a nurse can begin to think about meanings that might be behind certain behaviours
- psychoanalysts emphasize the importance of individual talk sessions characterized by attentive listening, with a focus on underlying themes as an important tool of healing in psychiatric care
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development’ model describes development as occuring in 8 predetermined and consecutive life stages. How has this model implicated nursing?
important part of nursing assessment - Helps determine what types of interventions are most likely to be effective
describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory
hypothesized that the Psychic component was a learned association between two events
- Found that when a neutral stimulus (bell) was repeatedly paired with another stimulus (food that triggered salivation), eventually the sound of the bell alone could elicit salivation in the dogs. (classical conditioned responses are involuntary and are not spontaneous choices)
describe the behavior therapy ‘modelling’
– The therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviours, and the patient learns through imitation
