Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Science
a way of observing and measuring natural phenomenon in order to explain them
Human Anatomy
Study of the structure or form of the human body
Human Physiology
Study of the body’s functions
Cellular Composition
Cells are the smallest units that carry out the functions of life
Metabolism
Living organisms carry out chemical processes collectively
Anabolism
the “building” processes of metabolism
Catabolism
the “breaking down” processes of metabolism
Growth
an increase in the size and/or number of cells
Excretion
Elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes
Responsiveness or Irritatbilty
Organisms sense and react to changes or stimuli in their environment
Movement
Organisms or individual cells of an organism move
Reproduction
Production of new cells during growth or repair or reproduction of new organisms
What are the structural levels of organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Chemical Level
the smallest level; chemicals range from tiny atoms to complex molecules
Cellular Level
Groups of many different types of molecules combine in specific ways to form cellular structures
Tissue Level
Two or more cell types and material outside them, called extracellular matrix, combine to perform a common function
Organ Level
Two or more tissue types combine to form an organ with a recognizable shape that performs a specialized task
Organ System Level
Two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body
Organism Level
The organ systems function together to make up the working human body (an organism)
How many organ systems are in the human body?
eleven (11)
Systemic Anatomy
Examines individual organ systems
Regional Anatomy
Examines the body in regions, such as the head and neck
Surface Anatomy
Examines surface markings
Gross Anatomy
Examines structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy
Examines cells (cytology) and tissues (histology) with the use of a microscope
cytology
the examination of cells
histology
the examination of tissues
What do physiologists study?
structural levels of organization of the body
anatomical position
common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described regardless of position
Directional Terms
Describe the relative locations of body parts and markings to ensure accurate communication among scientists and healthcare professionals
Anterior
the front of the body
Posterior
the back of the body
Superior OR Cranial
towards the head and inferior
Caudal
towards the tail
Proximal
closer to the point of origin
Distal
further from the point of origin
What does proximal and distal refer to
positions on the limbs only
What does anterior and posterior refer to?
the whole body or part of the body
What does superior and inferior refer to?
positions on the head, neck, and trunk only
Medial
closer to the middle line of the body
What is the middle line of the body known as?
midline
lateral
a position further away from the midline
superficial
structures closer to the surface of the body
deep
structures farther below
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs or appendages
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
abdominal
the abdomen
cervical
the neck
gluteal
the buttocks
inguinal
the groin
lumbar
the lower back
pelvic
the pelvis
pubic
the pubis
sacral
the sacrum
sternal
the sternum
thoracic
the chest
vertebral
the spinal colomn
buccal
the cheek
cranial
the skull
cephalic
the head
frontal
the forehead
mental
the chin
nasal
the nose
occipital
the back of the head
ocular
the eye
oral
the mouth
optic
the ear
acromial
the point of the shoulder
antebrachial
the forearm
antecubital
the anterior surface of the elbow
axillary
the armpit
brachial
the arm
carpal
the wrist
digital
the fingers or toes
manual
the hand
metacarpal
the metacarpals (bones of the hand)
Palmar
the palm
pollex
the thumb
coxal
the hip
crural
the anterior surface of the leg
femoral
the thigh
hallux
the great toe
metatarsal
the metatarsals (bones of the foot)
patellar
the anterior surface of the knee
pedal
the foot
planar
the sole of the foot
popliteal
the posterior surface of the knee
sural
the posterior surface of the leg
