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HLSC-126 > Module 1 - Intro To Human Physiology > Flashcards

Module 1 - Intro To Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is human physiology?

A

Scientific study of the functions of our body

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2
Q

What is the teleological approach?

A

Explains body functions in terms of meeting a bodily need, it’s the why of body processes

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3
Q

What is the mechanistic approach?

A

Explain body functions in terms of cause-and-effect of body processes, it’s the how of body processes

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4
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Allows specialization of different types of cells

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5
Q

What are the basic cell functions?

A

Metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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8
Q

What are the 2 general types of epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial sheets and secretory glands

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9
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Exocrine glands - secrete through ducts to outside the body (or lumen that leads to outside)

Endocrine glands - secretes without ducts into the blood

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10
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
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11
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A 
Circulatory
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Skeletal 
Muscular
Integumentary 
Immune 
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Ability of cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions

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13
Q

What is a set point?

A

Desired level at which homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a controlled variable; we often don’t have these, but more of a range

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14
Q

What is the physiological range?

A

Normal range for a physiological variable that the body operates most efficiently within

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15
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

• Watery environment in which the body cells are in direct contact and can make life-sustaining exchanges
Made of extracellular fluid

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16
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Fluid contained within all body cells

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17
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid outside the body cells

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18
Q

What are the 2 components of extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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19
Q

What are some factors of the internal environment that must be maintained for homeostasis?

A

Concentration of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste, electrolytes
Blood pressure and adequate plasma volume
Temperature
pH

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20
Q

How does the circulatory system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Transports materials from one part of the body to another

Thermoregulation by moving heat to periphery from the core

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21
Q

How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Breaks down food and absorbs it into plasma
Transfers water and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment
Eliminates food waste to the external environment

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22
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Exchanges O2 and CO2 between external and internal environment
CO2 removal contributes to adequate pH

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23
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Removes excess water, salt, acid, electrolytes, and other wastes from plasma for elimination

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24
Q

How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Protection and support for internal organs
Reservoir for calcium
Bone marrow forms blood cells

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25
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Skeletal muscles allow movement towards food and away from danger
Skeletal muscles contribute to thermoregulation

26
Q

How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Protects internal environment from fluid loss, invasion of microorganisms, and thermoregulation

27
Q

How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Major regulatory control system

Detects and initiates reactions to changes in external environment

28
Q

How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Major regulatory control system

Regulates activities in long term

29
Q

How does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Ensure systems are optimized for reproductive success

30
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a homeostasis control system?

A

Receptor, control center, and effector

31
Q

What are the 2 classes of control systems?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic controls

32
Q

What are intrinsic controls?

A

• Built into or inherent to an organ

33
Q

What are extrinsic controls?

A
  • Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the activity of the organ
  • Accomplished by nervous or endocrine systems
  • Allows simultaneous regulation of multiple organs to accomplish a goal
34
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A
  • Primary control system
  • Corrective adjustment opposes the original deviation from the steady state
  • Opposing mechanisms can move most hemostatically controlled variables in either direction as needed
35
Q

Which one of the following activities is NOT carried out by every cell in they body?
A. Obtaining oxygen and nutrients
B. Eliminating waste
C. Performing chemical reactions to acquire energy for the cell’s use
D. Reproducing

A

D

36
Q 
Which one of the following is a type of connective tissue?
A. Spinal cord
B. Bone
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Nervous tissue
A

B

37
Q 
The body system responsible for obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide is the 
A. Circulatory system
B. Integumentary system
C. Respiratory system
D. Skeletal system
A

C

38
Q

List the proper progression of the levels of organization in the body

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
39
Q

List the 4 primary types of tissues

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

40
Q

List the 3 components of a homeostatic control system?

A

Receptor (sensory), control center (integrator), and an effector

41
Q 
Using your knowledge of homeostatic feedback systems, which one of the following would be an appropriate response to a decrease in body temperature?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Muscle shivering
C. Skin flushing
D. Increased blood supply to the skin
A

B

42
Q 
Although a common feature of all cells, which one of the following cell types is even more specialized for the elimination of unwanted substances?
A. Glandular cells
B. Muscle cells
C. Nerve cells
D. Red blood cells
A

B

43
Q

Applying the concept of dynamic equilibrium, which one of the following statements is MOST correct?
A. A homeostatic factor is maintained within a small physiological range
B. A homeostatic factor is maintained at a precise set point
C. Homeostatic factors have set points that frequently change
D. Homeostatic factors vary widely around a set point

A

A

44
Q

Compare and contrast the differences of feedback and feedforward systems

A

Feedback systems react to a change in a controlled factor where a feedforward system anticipates a change of a controlled factor

45
Q

Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands release via ducts to outside the body (or into a lumen connected to the outside of the body)
Endocrine glands are ductless and release their products (such as hormones) into the blood stream

46
Q

Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic controls.

A

Intrinsic controls are located within the organ and control just the mechanisms of the organ.
Extrinsic controls are initiated outside the organ and can control multiple organs throughout the body; these changes occur via the nervous and/or endocrine system

47
Q

Select the most appropriate element of a physiological control system that best describes the role of a sweat gland
A. Sensor
B. Integrator
C. Effector

A

C

48
Q

Removing the ability of a cell type to reproduce potentially has what effect on an organ?
A. No effect
B. Changes it from a negative to positive feedback homeostatic system
C. Makes it more susceptible to damage
D. Alters its function

A

C

49
Q 
If there is a change of pH around a particular cell, predict which body system would NOT be involved in correcting this imbalance
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Respiratory system
D. Urinary system
A

D

50
Q

Considering the nature of negative-feedback control and the function of the respiratory system, what effect would a decrease in carbon dioxide in the internal environment have on how deeply a person breathes?

A

It would cause the breathing to become slower and shallower

51
Q

The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose from the blood into most body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the body and the insulin-secreting cells. Describe what happens when there is an increase in blood sugar.

A

An increase in blood sugar would lead to an increase in insulin production and release, this would decrease the blood sugar levels back to the physiological range and insulin production would cease

52
Q

Body temperature is homeostatically regulated around a physiological range. Given your knowledge of negative-feedback and homeostatic control systems, predict whether narrowing or widening of the blood vessels of the skin would occur when a person exercises strenuously.

A

They would widen to increase heat loss

53
Q

Jennifer has a stomach flu that is going around campus. She has been vomiting profusely for the past 24 hours. Not only has she been unable to keep down fluids or food, but she has also lost the acidic digestive juices secreted by the stomach that are normally reabsorbed back into the blood farther down the digestive tract.

In what ways might this condition threaten to disrupt homeostasis in Jennifer’s internal environment?
What homeostatically maintained factors are moved away from normal by her profuse vomiting?
What body systems respond to resist these changes?

A

Excessive fluid loss - cardiovascular system would cause vasoconstriction, urinary system would retain more water, thirst encourages fluid intake
Electrolytes lost - urinary system would retain more electrolytes
Loss of digestive juices alters the pH - urinary system reduces amount of acid removed and respiratory system will decrease loss of CO2 to increase acidity
Decrease in new nutrients - endocrine system would pull from stores to ensure constant nutrients available

54
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

• Less frequently used, but notably used during childbirth to increase contractions
• Information returned to the system increases the deviation from the setpoint
• Include a mechanism to stop the system
• Heatstroke is an example of runaway positive feedback
o Increase in temperature causes dysfunction of control center, cooling function diminished, and temperature continues to rise which causes further damage to control system causing a spiral

55
Q

What is feedforward system?

A
  • Anticipates change in a regulated factor

* Such as early release of insulin when the stomach is full anticipating absorption of glucose

56
Q

Define physiology

A

The study of the body functions

57
Q

Compare basic cell functions and specialized cell functions

A

Basic cell functions are functions required to keep all cells alive whereas specialized cell functions help to keep the organism alive.

58
Q

Distinguish among external environment and internal environment

A

The external environment is outside the body whereas the internal environment is within the body that the cells live within

59
Q

Distinguish among intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, plasma, and interstitial fluid

A

Intracellular fluid is located within the cells cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid is the fluid is any fluid not located within the cells and includes plasma and interstitial fluid
Plasma is the fluid located within the cardiovascular system
Interstitial fluid is located outside the cardiovascular system and outside the cells, it is the environment that the cells live within

60
Q

Distinguish between intrinsic controls and extrinsic controls

A

Intrinsic controls are located within an organ and only control the organ
Extrinsic controls are located in a control center outside the target organ and control its target(s) using the nervous and endocrine systems

61
Q

Compare and contrast negative feedback and positive feedback

A

Negative feedback decreases the deflection from the physiological range to bring it back to within range.
Positive feedback increases the deflection from the physiological range pushing it farther from the range until the stop mechanism is triggered

HLSC-126 (10 decks)

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