Module 1 - Intro to Development - Determinants & factors influencing communication - Frameworks

Question 1

Typical Development informs: (7)

Answer 1

Referral
Assessment
Analysis
Diagnosis
Selecting intervention targets
Intervention
Discharge

Question 2

Developmental Progress influenced by: (2)

Answer 2

Biological Influences (inherent factors - personality)
Environmental Influences (family, opportunities, parenting)

Question 3

Developmental Domains (5):

Answer 3

Cognition (thinking)

Fine Motor (writing, manipulating objects with your hands)

Gross Motor (whole body movement, running, jumping

Socio-emotional (how we manage emotions, build connections)

Communication

Question 4

Developmental milestones:

Answer 4

Skill or ability that is achieved
By most children at a certain age

Question 5

Developmental Milestones: Set by research -> 2 types

Answer 5

Longitudinal studies: subjects are followed over time with continued monitoring

Cross-sectional normative studies: observational studies that analyse data from a population a single point in time

Question 6

Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 0-3 months

Answer 6

0-3 months: focuses on speaker’s face

Question 7

Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 3-6 months

Answer 7

3-6 months: turns to a familiar voice

Question 8

Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 9-12 months

Answer 8

9-12 months: follows routine commands

Question 9

Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 2-3 years

Answer 9

2-3 years: understand more complex sentences

Question 10

Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 4-6 years

Answer 10

4-6 years: understand past & future events

Question 11

Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 0-3 months

Answer 11

0-3 months: discomfort cries

Question 12

Typical Development for
Expressive Language:4-9 months

Answer 12

4-9 months: babbling

Question 13

Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 12-15 months

Answer 13

12-15 months: first words

Question 14

Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 2-3 years

Answer 14

2-3 years: phrases/ short sentences

Question 15

Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 4-6 years

Answer 15

4-6 years: sentences with mostly correct grammar

Question 16

Normal Distribution curve: tells us ___

Answer 16

Normal distribution curve tells us what is expected at different ages

Question 17

6 determinants of health factors:

Answer 17

Behavioural
Environmental
Social
Genetic / Biology
Cultural
Gender / sex

Question 18

Behavioural Determinants of health: Broad

Answer 18

Lifestyle choices
What we eat
How we move
If we drink or smoke
How we rest
How and whom we interact with

Question 19

Behavioural factors influence communication: how examples

Answer 19

Regular reading -> broadens vocabulary
Less shouting, drinking, straining voice -> affects vocal nodules
Speech therapy home practice -> affects communication progress

Question 20

Environmental Determinants (Factors) of Health: Broad

Answer 20

Poor water & air quality
Inadequate sanitation & waste disposal
Unsafe food (adequacy of food supply)
Substandard housing
Communicable diseases - measles, STI/blood born viruses
Climate events - floods, fires, cyclones
Conflict & political instability

Question 21

Environmental Factors influencing communication: examples

Answer 21

Number of books in the home, amount child is read to
Language stimulation strategies used by parent (more or less facilitative language)
Parent interaction styles (direct vs responsive)
Trauma / neglect
Attendance at high quality, stimulating childcare

Question 22

Social determinants of health: Broad

Answer 22

Socioeconomic position (income, education, employment)
housing

Question 23

Social Factors influencing communication: examples

Answer 23

Less income -> Cannot afford SP services
More transient -> less connected to social services & community
Parent literacy difficulties -> unable to read to their children
Less income -> unable to purchase books & toys
(poverty, safety, unstable housing) -> increase in stress -> less brain capacity for learning

Question 24

Biological, genetic & Epigenetic determinants: Broad ex

Answer 24

Inherited health conditions from genetics: eg cancer genes

Question 25

Biology / genetics influence communication

Answer 25

Speech & language difficulties can run in families Genetic syndromes (eg. Down syndrome where speech & language difficulties are commonly seen) Hearing impairment Craniofacial abnormalities (cleft palate)

Question 26

Cultural factors influencing communication: examples

Answer 26

Distrust in health service -> decrease in access Interpreters not available -> decrease in access Cultural attitudes towards disability -> reluctant to refer for services Exposure to 2 languages -> influence types of vocabulary used in different contexts

Question 27

How does gender & sex influence communication?

Answer 27

Males are more likely to have speech difficulties and increase in adhd

Question 28

3 important frameworks

Answer 28

Language domains EBP Simple model of communication

Question 29

3 aspects of Pragmatics Model

Answer 29

Verbal Aspects Paralinguistics Aspects Non-verbal aspects

Question 30

Verbal Aspects (5): (Pragmatics Model)

Answer 30

Speech acts Questions, commands, statements Topic Selection, introduction, maintenance, change Turn-taking Initiation, response, repair, pause time, conciseness Lexical selection Cohesion, specificity / accuracy Varying communication style Formal/ informal in different contects

Question 31

Paralinguistic Aspects (6) (Pragmatics Model)

Answer 31

- Intelligibility: Vocal intensity / - volume (angry or not) - Vocal quality - Prosody / intonation (eg. Question or statement) - Fluency - Stress (different meanings with different stressed words)

Question 32

Nonverbal Aspects (7)

Answer 32

Physical proximity Physical contact Body posture Foot/leg and hand/arm movement Facial expression Eye gaze Gestures Culturally & contextually influenced

Question 33

Personal Factors (5) (ICF Framework) ** think about changeable & unchangeable factors

Answer 33

Age Gender Cultural Identity Personal Preferences Personal Attributes Language Coping style Education level

Question 34

Environmental Factors (5): Physical, social, attitudinal: (ICF) Can act as facilitators or barriers

Answer 34

Product & technology Natural environment/ physical Support and relationships/ social Attitudes: individual, family or societal Services systems & policies

Question 35

Physical Environment ** can be facilitators or barriers***

Answer 35

Lighting Acoustic environment Humidity & temp Setting & furniture placement Written information Availability of AAC (Depends on client)

Question 36

Lighting

Answer 36

What type of light is around you (e.g. natural)? How is it positioned (e.g. behind you)?

Question 37

Acoustic environment

Answer 37

Is there (excessive) noise or background noise around you? Does the space you're in have a lot of hard surfaces? Is it square or rectangular in shape?

Question 38

Humidity & temp

Answer 38

Is the temperature stable or changing? Are there irritants in the air? Do you feel comfortable?

Question 39

Setting & furniture placement

Answer 39

Are you in a familiar or unfamiliar environment? Is there much/any stimuli (e.g. visual or acoustic distractions) in your immediate environment?

Question 40

Written Information

Answer 40

Is there any written communication around you? What size is the font? How long are the sentences? Are there graphics? Is pen and paper readily accessible?

Question 41

Availability of AAC

Answer 41

Availability of AAC This section may or may not be relevant as AAC (both low tech AAC and high tech AAC) should be tailored to the needs of the person concerned. However as you observe your setting - take note of what could be classified as AAC e.g. pictures, visual cues, schedules.

Question 42

Contextual factors (ICF)

Answer 42

Environmental + personal factors

Question 43

AAC:

Answer 43

Augmentative & Alternative Communication Eg. Sign language, computer or device When someone uses something other than speech to communicate