Module 1 - Intro to Development - Determinants & factors influencing communication - Frameworks Flashcards
Typical Development informs: (7)
Referral
Assessment
Analysis
Diagnosis
Selecting intervention targets
Intervention
Discharge
Developmental Progress influenced by: (2)
Biological Influences (inherent factors - personality)
Environmental Influences (family, opportunities, parenting)
Developmental Domains (5):
Cognition (thinking)
Fine Motor (writing, manipulating objects with your hands)
Gross Motor (whole body movement, running, jumping
Socio-emotional (how we manage emotions, build connections)
Communication
Developmental milestones:
Skill or ability that is achieved
By most children at a certain age
Developmental Milestones: Set by research -> 2 types
Longitudinal studies: subjects are followed over time with continued monitoring
Cross-sectional normative studies: observational studies that analyse data from a population a single point in time
Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 0-3 months
0-3 months: focuses on speaker’s face
Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 3-6 months
3-6 months: turns to a familiar voice
Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 9-12 months
9-12 months: follows routine commands
Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 2-3 years
2-3 years: understand more complex sentences
Typical Development for
Receptive Language: 4-6 years
4-6 years: understand past & future events
Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 0-3 months
0-3 months: discomfort cries
Typical Development for
Expressive Language:4-9 months
4-9 months: babbling
Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 12-15 months
12-15 months: first words
Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 2-3 years
2-3 years: phrases/ short sentences
Typical Development for
Expressive Language: 4-6 years
4-6 years: sentences with mostly correct grammar
Normal Distribution curve: tells us ___
Normal distribution curve tells us what is expected at different ages
6 determinants of health factors:
Behavioural
Environmental
Social
Genetic / Biology
Cultural
Gender / sex
Behavioural Determinants of health: Broad
Lifestyle choices
What we eat
How we move
If we drink or smoke
How we rest
How and whom we interact with
Behavioural factors influence communication: how examples
Regular reading -> broadens vocabulary
Less shouting, drinking, straining voice -> affects vocal nodules
Speech therapy home practice -> affects communication progress
Environmental Determinants (Factors) of Health: Broad
Poor water & air quality
Inadequate sanitation & waste disposal
Unsafe food (adequacy of food supply)
Substandard housing
Communicable diseases - measles, STI/blood born viruses
Climate events - floods, fires, cyclones
Conflict & political instability
Environmental Factors influencing communication: examples
Number of books in the home, amount child is read to
Language stimulation strategies used by parent (more or less facilitative language)
Parent interaction styles (direct vs responsive)
Trauma / neglect
Attendance at high quality, stimulating childcare
Social determinants of health: Broad
Socioeconomic position (income, education, employment)
housing
Social Factors influencing communication: examples
Less income -> Cannot afford SP services
More transient -> less connected to social services & community
Parent literacy difficulties -> unable to read to their children
Less income -> unable to purchase books & toys
(poverty, safety, unstable housing) -> increase in stress -> less brain capacity for learning
Biological, genetic & Epigenetic determinants: Broad ex
Inherited health conditions from genetics: eg cancer genes
Biology / genetics influence communication
Speech & language difficulties can run in families
Genetic syndromes (eg. Down syndrome where speech & language difficulties are commonly seen)
Hearing impairment
Craniofacial abnormalities (cleft palate)
Cultural factors influencing communication: examples
Distrust in health service -> decrease in access
Interpreters not available -> decrease in access
Cultural attitudes towards disability -> reluctant to refer for services
Exposure to 2 languages -> influence types of vocabulary used in different contexts
How does gender & sex influence communication?
Males are more likely to have speech difficulties and increase in adhd
3 important frameworks
Language domains
EBP
Simple model of communication
3 aspects of Pragmatics Model
Verbal Aspects
Paralinguistics Aspects
Non-verbal aspects
Verbal Aspects (5):
(Pragmatics Model)
Speech acts
Questions, commands, statements
Topic
Selection, introduction, maintenance, change
Turn-taking
Initiation, response, repair, pause time, conciseness
Lexical selection
Cohesion, specificity / accuracy
Varying communication style
Formal/ informal in different contects
Paralinguistic Aspects (6)
(Pragmatics Model)
- Intelligibility: Vocal intensity /
- volume (angry or not)
- Vocal quality
- Prosody / intonation (eg. Question or statement)
- Fluency
- Stress (different meanings with different stressed words)
Nonverbal Aspects (7)
Physical proximity
Physical contact
Body posture
Foot/leg and hand/arm movement
Facial expression
Eye gaze
Gestures
Culturally & contextually influenced
Personal Factors (5)
(ICF Framework)
** think about changeable & unchangeable factors
Age
Gender
Cultural Identity
Personal Preferences
Personal Attributes
Language
Coping style
Education level
Environmental Factors (5):
Physical, social, attitudinal:
(ICF)
Can act as facilitators or barriers
Product & technology
Natural environment/ physical
Support and relationships/ social
Attitudes: individual, family or societal
Services systems & policies
Physical Environment
** can be facilitators or barriers***
Lighting
Acoustic environment
Humidity & temp
Setting & furniture placement
Written information
Availability of AAC (Depends on client)
Lighting
What type of light is around you (e.g. natural)? How is it positioned (e.g. behind you)?
Acoustic environment
Is there (excessive) noise or background noise around you? Does the space you’re in have a lot of hard surfaces? Is it square or rectangular in shape?
Humidity & temp
Is the temperature stable or changing? Are there irritants in the air? Do you feel comfortable?
Setting & furniture placement
Are you in a familiar or unfamiliar environment? Is there much/any stimuli (e.g. visual or acoustic distractions) in your immediate environment?
Written Information
Is there any written communication around you? What size is the font? How long are the sentences? Are there graphics? Is pen and paper readily accessible?
Availability of AAC
Availability of AAC
This section may or may not be relevant as AAC (both low tech AAC and high tech AAC) should be tailored to the needs of the person concerned. However as you observe your setting - take note of what could be classified as AAC e.g. pictures, visual cues, schedules.
Contextual factors
(ICF)
Environmental + personal factors
AAC:
Augmentative & Alternative Communication
Eg. Sign language, computer or device
When someone uses something other than speech to communicate
