Module 1: Intro to Data

Question 1

data

Answer 1

collection of observations

Question 2

statistics

Answer 2

study of how to best collect, analyze, and draw conclusions from data

Question 3

data matrix

Answer 3

convenient common way to organize data (chart)

Question 4

how many types of variables are there?

Answer 4

2: numerical and categorical

Question 5

numerical

Answer 5

a number that can have calculations done with it

Question 6

what are the 2 types of numerical variables

Answer 6

continuous and discrete

Question 7

continuous

Answer 7

any numerical value (fractions and decimals)

Question 8

discrete

Answer 8

integers only (can count)

Question 9

categorial

Answer 9

set list of options/categories; can be words or numbers

Question 10

what are the 2 types of categorial variables

Answer 10

nominal and ordinal

Question 11

nominal

Answer 11

unordered; one is not less or more than another

Question 12

ordinal

Answer 12

ordered

Question 13

associated (dependent) variables

Answer 13

when 2 variables show some connection w/ one another; can be positive or negative

Question 14

independent variables

Answer 14

when there is no evident connection between 2 variables

Question 15

explanatory variable _________ response variable (correlation vs causation)

Answer 15

might affect

Question 16

T or F: an explanatory and response variable means that the relationship between the 2 is casual

Answer 16

false; labelling 2 variables as such does not guarantee that the relationship between them are casual

Question 17

observational studies

Answer 17

collect data w/o interfering w/ how data arises (ex. surveys); cannot establish causation

Question 18

experiments

Answer 18

researchers randomly assign participants to various treatments to establish casual connections between explanatory and response variables

Question 19

prospective study

Answer 19

individuals are identified and information is collected as events unfold

Question 20

retrospective study

Answer 20

data is collected after events have taken place

Question 21

research questions refer to a ___ ___

Answer 21

target population

Question 22

sample

Answer 22

represents a subset of the cases

Question 23

census

Answer 23

sample of the entire population; complex

Question 24

anecdotal evidence

Answer 24

data collected in a haphazard fashion that represents only one or 2 cases; may be true, but may only represent extraordinary cases

Question 25

3 types of sampling bias

Answer 25

non-response, voluntary response, and convenience sampling

Question 26

non-response

Answer 26

if only a small fraction of the randomly sampled ppl choose to respond to a survey, the sample may NO longer be representative of the population

Question 27

voluntary response

Answer 27

when the sample consists of people who volunteer to respond b/c they have strong opinions on the issue; NOT representative of the population

Question 28

convenience sample

Answer 28

individuals who are easily accessible are more likely to be included in the sample

Question 29

biased

Answer 29

unfairly prejudiced for or against something

Question 30

exploratory analysis

Answer 30

when you analyze results from a sample

Question 31

inference

Answer 31

when you generalize based on the results for the sample to infer something abt the population

Question 32

good statistical methods are based on the notion of ______ _______

Answer 32

implied randomness

Question 33

T or F: if observational data is not collected in a random framework from a population, it is NOT reliable

Answer 33

true

Question 34

4 common random sampling techniques

Answer 34

simple, stratified, cluster, and multistage sampling

Question 35

simple random sampling

Answer 35

randomly selected cases from the population; no implied connection between the points that are selected

Question 36

stratified sample

Answer 36

strata are made up of similar observations; simple random sample in taken from EACH stratum

Question 37

cluster sample

Answer 37

clusters are not made up of alike observations; we take a simple random sample of clusters, and then sample all observations in that cluster

Question 38

multistage sample

Answer 38

take a simple random sample of clusters, and then take a simple random sample of observations from the sampled clusters

Question 39

when a researchers assignment is randomized it is a ____ ____

Answer 39

randomized experiment

Question 40

randomized experiments are critical for _____ ______

Answer 40

showing causality

Question 41

4 principles of experimental design

Answer 41

control, randomize, replicate, and block

Question 42

factors are ___________

Answer 42

conditions we can impose on the experimental units

Question 43

blocking variables

Answer 43

characteristics that the experimental units come with (we want to control them)

Question 44

blocking is like _________

Answer 44

stratifying (except used in experimental settings when randomly assigning

Question 45

placebo

Answer 45

fake treatment (often used as the control group)

Question 46

placebo effect

Answer 46

experimental units showing improvement simply b/c they believe they are receiving a special treatment

Question 47

blinding

Answer 47

when experimental units don't know whether they are in the control or treatment group

Question 48

double-blind

Answer 48

both the experimental units and researchers who interact w/ the patients don't know who is in the control or treatment group