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Advanced Biology Apologia > Module 1: Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1: Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

ANATOMY

A

The study of the structures of the body and parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how parts function and work together

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3
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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4
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study of the changes from conception to adult

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5
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the first eight weeks of life

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Used for diagnosis

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7
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Specializes in parts of the body

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of the large or macroscopic structures

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9
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of small or microscopic structures

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Study similarities in species

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11
Q

Levels of organization

A

From large to small:
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecules, atom

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12
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues specialized for a particular function

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13
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells forming the building materials of the body

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14
Q

Tissue Types

A

1) Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
2) Muscular: muscle
3) Connective: bone, cartilage, tendon, fat, blood, etc.
4) Epithelial: skin, intestine lining, glands, etc.

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15
Q

HOMEOSTASIS

A

state of dynamic equilibrium in the body in response to its internal environment and function

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16
Q

Set point

A

Ideal normal range for homeostasis

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17
Q

2 Control centers for homeostasis

A

Central Nervous System
Endocrine glands

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18
Q

Control center(s)

A

Receive info from receptors, determine a set point, and release a signal response to correct imbalances

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19
Q

Receptor

A

Structure that monitors conditions of the body

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20
Q

Effector

A

Structure that changes the value of various conditions in response to a signal from the Control Center

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21
Q

Macronutrients

A

Proteins, Fats, Carbs

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22
Q

Celular mitosis

A

How cells replicate(Asexual)

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23
Q

Interphase

A

The state between replications
DNA is in chromatin form

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus disintegrates, centrioles duplicate+form spindles+move to poles, DNA replicates+ thicken changing to chromosomes then move to equator

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25
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes reach equatorial plane

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26
Q

Anaphase

A

Replicated chromosomes are separated and begin to move to opposite poles

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27
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes reach poles, plasma membrane pinches off, nucleus reform

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28
Q

Plasma membrane(PM)

A

Boundary of the cell containing receptors etc.
Exterior with doors and windows

29
Q

Nucleus

A

Has its own membrane, contains DNA
Library

30
Q

DNA 🧬

A

In form of Chromatin (non-dividing) or Chromosomes(dividing)
Books/Recipes 📖 📝

31
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Space between nucleus and plasma membrane liquid is called cytosol

32
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are free or attached to ER; where proteins are made
Kitchen 👩🏼‍🍳

33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

The network of tunnels within the cell

34
Q

Smooth ER

A

Series of tubes to transport and produce lipids and CHO

35
Q

Rough ER

A

Tubes with ribosomes attached that transport+produce proteins

36
Q

Golgi Body

A

Package chemicals for secretion
Post office ✉️📬

37
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

Pinches off Golgi Body and travels to PM where released outside cell
Package(s) 📦

38
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle containing enzymes
Recycling center ♻️

39
Q

Centrosome

A

Made of Centrioles, site where Microtubules
(spiral 🌀 strands of proteins) are organized
Scaffolding

40
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairs formed of microtubules

41
Q

Mitochondria ⚡️

A

Where ATP synthesis occurs
Powerhouse/ electric ⚡️ company

42
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids

43
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as catalysts; speed up chemical reactions without being used up

44
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA into RNA

45
Q

Translation

A

RNA converted into protein

46
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger: travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

47
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer: has a sequence of three bases called the anticodon

48
Q

Anticodon

A

Pairs the appropriate amino acid to the RNA codon

49
Q

Plasma membrane

A

1)Holds cell together
2) Selective permeability
3) Communicates
4) Made of phospholipid bilayer
5)Channel proteins
6) Glycoproteins
7) Receptor protein
8) Glycolipids
9) Cholesterol

50
Q

Selective permeability

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

51
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

2 fatty acids (Hydrophobic) + phosphate group (Hydrophilic)

52
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Outside cell

53
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

In the cell

54
Q

Channel proteins

A

Small channels to let water and small molecules in or out

55
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A protein + glucose which acts as a marker for communication

56
Q

Receptor protein

A

Receives messages

57
Q

Glycolipids

A

A lipid + glucose that helps to anchor proteins within the PM

58
Q

Cholesterol

A

Found among the non-polar tails and acts to stabilize the membrane, makes up 1/3 of the space between layers

59
Q

What makes the PM Selectively permeable?

A

1) Polar vs nonpolar (water soluble vs oil soluble)
2) size limiting channels
3) charge specific channels ( +-)
4) Carrier proteins

60
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Perform mediated transportation to move certain molecules across by: specificity, competition, and saturation.

61
Q

Membrane transport processes

A

Passive transportation and active transportation

62
Q

Passive transportation (no ATP)

A

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

63
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

64
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Mediated transportation using channels

65
Q

Active transportation (ATP used)

A

Pumping, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

66
Q

Pumping

A

Movement from low concentration to high concentration
(opposite of diffusion)

67
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of taking large molecules into the cell by: Pinocytosis “cell drinking” and Phagocytosis “cell eating”

68
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell, aka secretion

Advanced Biology Apologia (1 decks)

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