Module 1: Immunisation and vaccine-preventable diseases Flashcards
What are the symptoms of diptheria?
- Sheet of thick grey material in back of throat, can block the airway
- Sore throat
- Breathing problems
- Bloody/watery drainage from nose
- Bark-like cough
Why is high-level immunisation of polio important?
Even though polio is eradicated in NZ, it is possible for people to enter the country carrying it and causing a spread.
How many cases of diptheria are fatal?
5-10%
(Bonus: Caused 400 deaths from 1917 to 1921)
What was the leading cause of infant death in NZ before the vaccine was available?
Pertussis (whooping cough)
What are severe complications of pertussis for infants/young children?
- Problems with breathing, feeding, and drinking
- Vomiting after coughing fits
pneumonia
How often are there pertussis outbreaks in NZ?
Every 3-5 years
What are the hospital statistics of pertussis?
- 6 of 10 are admitted to hospital
- 1 of 6 in hospital will require ICU
- 1 of 6 in ICU cases are fatal or have brain/lung damage
How many people die from measles each year globally?
200,000 (mostly children)
When was the last measles outbreak in NZ?
2019
(Bonus: 2000+ cases, 100s of hospitalisations, 2 deaths)
What are the symptoms of measles and when do they appear?
Symptoms appear within 10-15 days of first exposure.
* Fever
* Cough
* Runny nose
* Conjunctivitis
* Koplik spots (white spots) in the mouth
* Rash starting at hairline,spreading down the body to arms and legs (appears after 2-4 days of symptom onsets).
What are some complications of measles?
- Ear infection
- Diarrhoea
- Pneumonia
- Brain damage/inflammation
- Hospitlisation (>10% of cases)
- During pregnancy it can increases risk of miscarriage, premature labour, and LBW babies
- Loss of immune memory
Why does measles make the body weaker to other diseases?
It causes the loss of immune memory.
(Explain further: immune system cannot recognise diseases –> cannot produce antibodies fast enough –> loss of protection from other diseases)
Name some symptoms of tetanus.
- Weakness
- Stiffness/cramps
- Difficulty chewing or swallowing
- Muscle rigidity and painful spasms
- (sever) facial grimace, arching of back
- 10% of cases are fatal.
When do newborns receive their Hep B vaccine if their mother was infected?
Within 24hrs of birth
What was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children before the vaccine was developed?
Hep B
What are the statistics of Hep B complications?
20-40% of cases have long-term neuro damage. 5% of cases are fatal.
What is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia in children and the eldery?
Streptococcus pnuemoniae
Describe invasive pneumoccoccal disease.
- Infection of streptococcus pneumonia in the bloodstream
- Presents as bacteraemia or meningitis
- Starts with aches, pains, and fever
- Almost always requires hospitalisation
What is the leading cause of diaarhoea and dehydration in infants globally?
Rotovirus
What happens in the absence of rotovirus vaccination?
Almost all children are infected by 5yrs old.
Describe mumps
- A viral disease characterised by swollen salivary glands
What are the complications of mumps for adults?
- More severe infection
- 25% of infected males experience testicular pain and swelling
- Pregnant women have greater risk of miscarriage if infected in 1st trimester
What is congenital rubella syndrome?
When rubella is contracted early in pregnancy and causes abnormalities in the developing baby, such as
- cataracts
- deafness
- heart abnormalities
- intellectual impairment
What types of cancer can HPV cause?
Mouth, throat, cervical, vaginal, penile, and anal
Provide some statistics regarding HPV.
- Over 150 types of HPV
- 7 types are the cause of 90% of cervical, penile, anal, and throat cancers
-2 other types cause genital warts - 4 out of 5 people are infected during their lives, usually within 2 years of becoming sexually active
What has been the effect of the HPV vaccine?
- In the UK, the vaccination programme has almost eliminated cervical cancer for those born since 1995.
- In NZ and Australia, the number of cases of genital warts caused by HPV has drastically decreased
Describe meningococcal disease
A bacterial disease that can lead to meningitis and septicaemia once in the bloodstream.
Provide some statistics on meningococcal disease.
- In NZ, groups B and W are most likely to cause disease
- Most common in preschoolers, teens, and young adults
- 1 in 10 cases are fatal
- 10-20% of cases have longterm complications like hearing loss, brain injury, and limb amputation
Provide some statistics on varicella (chickenpox)
- Congenital varicella syndrome causes eye/limb/brain abnormalities and developmental delays for fetuses in 2% of cases
- Up to 30% of cases in newborns are fatal
Describe the cycle of varicella (chickenpox)
- Early symptoms (fever, loss of apetite, headache, fatigue
- Rash forms on trunk or face
- Scabs form and fall off after 1-2 weeks
- Can infect others from 1-2 days before rash onset until all blisters have scabbed
-After recovery, disease remains dormant in the spine
Provide some facts about shingles.
- It is the reactivation of varicella (chickenpox) from a previous case
- Occurs mainly in 40+yr olds
- Most common in people with suppressed immune systems
What is R0?
The basic reproduction number (R0) is the number of people that one sick person will infect (on average).
It measures the transmission potential of a disease where everyone is susceptible.
What is the R0 of measles? Explain what this means.
18
This means for each case of measles, we can expect 18 new cases of measles in a population where everyone is susceptible.
What are the three factors of affect the R0 of a disease?
- The rate of contacts in the host population
- The probability of infection being transmitted during contact
- The duration of infectionsness
What must the R0 be for an epidemic to occur in a susceptible population?
> 1
