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Vaccinator Foundation > Module 1: Immunisation and vaccine-preventable diseases > Flashcards

Module 1: Immunisation and vaccine-preventable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of diptheria?

A
  • Sheet of thick grey material in back of throat, can block the airway
  • Sore throat
  • Breathing problems
  • Bloody/watery drainage from nose
  • Bark-like cough
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2
Q

Why is high-level immunisation of polio important?

A

Even though polio is eradicated in NZ, it is possible for people to enter the country carrying it and causing a spread.

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3
Q

How many cases of diptheria are fatal?

A

5-10%
(Bonus: Caused 400 deaths from 1917 to 1921)

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4
Q

What was the leading cause of infant death in NZ before the vaccine was available?

A

Pertussis (whooping cough)

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5
Q

What are severe complications of pertussis for infants/young children?

A
  • Problems with breathing, feeding, and drinking
  • Vomiting after coughing fits
    pneumonia
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6
Q

How often are there pertussis outbreaks in NZ?

A

Every 3-5 years

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7
Q

What are the hospital statistics of pertussis?

A
  • 6 of 10 are admitted to hospital
  • 1 of 6 in hospital will require ICU
  • 1 of 6 in ICU cases are fatal or have brain/lung damage
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8
Q

How many people die from measles each year globally?

A

200,000 (mostly children)

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9
Q

When was the last measles outbreak in NZ?

A

2019
(Bonus: 2000+ cases, 100s of hospitalisations, 2 deaths)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of measles and when do they appear?

A

Symptoms appear within 10-15 days of first exposure.
* Fever
* Cough
* Runny nose
* Conjunctivitis
* Koplik spots (white spots) in the mouth
* Rash starting at hairline,spreading down the body to arms and legs (appears after 2-4 days of symptom onsets).

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11
Q

What are some complications of measles?

A
  • Ear infection
  • Diarrhoea
  • Pneumonia
  • Brain damage/inflammation
  • Hospitlisation (>10% of cases)
  • During pregnancy it can increases risk of miscarriage, premature labour, and LBW babies
  • Loss of immune memory
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12
Q

Why does measles make the body weaker to other diseases?

A

It causes the loss of immune memory.
(Explain further: immune system cannot recognise diseases –> cannot produce antibodies fast enough –> loss of protection from other diseases)

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13
Q

Name some symptoms of tetanus.

A
  • Weakness
  • Stiffness/cramps
  • Difficulty chewing or swallowing
  • Muscle rigidity and painful spasms
  • (sever) facial grimace, arching of back
  • 10% of cases are fatal.
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14
Q

When do newborns receive their Hep B vaccine if their mother was infected?

A

Within 24hrs of birth

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15
Q

What was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children before the vaccine was developed?

A

Hep B

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16
Q

What are the statistics of Hep B complications?

A

20-40% of cases have long-term neuro damage. 5% of cases are fatal.

17
Q

What is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia in children and the eldery?

A

Streptococcus pnuemoniae

18
Q

Describe invasive pneumoccoccal disease.

A
  • Infection of streptococcus pneumonia in the bloodstream
  • Presents as bacteraemia or meningitis
  • Starts with aches, pains, and fever
  • Almost always requires hospitalisation
19
Q

What is the leading cause of diaarhoea and dehydration in infants globally?

A

Rotovirus

20
Q

What happens in the absence of rotovirus vaccination?

A

Almost all children are infected by 5yrs old.

21
Q

Describe mumps

A
  • A viral disease characterised by swollen salivary glands
22
Q

What are the complications of mumps for adults?

A
  • More severe infection
  • 25% of infected males experience testicular pain and swelling
  • Pregnant women have greater risk of miscarriage if infected in 1st trimester
23
Q

What is congenital rubella syndrome?

A

When rubella is contracted early in pregnancy and causes abnormalities in the developing baby, such as
- cataracts
- deafness
- heart abnormalities
- intellectual impairment

24
Q

What types of cancer can HPV cause?

A

Mouth, throat, cervical, vaginal, penile, and anal

25
Q

Provide some statistics regarding HPV.

A
  • Over 150 types of HPV
  • 7 types are the cause of 90% of cervical, penile, anal, and throat cancers
    -2 other types cause genital warts
  • 4 out of 5 people are infected during their lives, usually within 2 years of becoming sexually active
26
Q

What has been the effect of the HPV vaccine?

A
  • In the UK, the vaccination programme has almost eliminated cervical cancer for those born since 1995.
  • In NZ and Australia, the number of cases of genital warts caused by HPV has drastically decreased
27
Q

Describe meningococcal disease

A

A bacterial disease that can lead to meningitis and septicaemia once in the bloodstream.

28
Q

Provide some statistics on meningococcal disease.

A
  • In NZ, groups B and W are most likely to cause disease
  • Most common in preschoolers, teens, and young adults
  • 1 in 10 cases are fatal
  • 10-20% of cases have longterm complications like hearing loss, brain injury, and limb amputation
29
Q

Provide some statistics on varicella (chickenpox)

A
  • Congenital varicella syndrome causes eye/limb/brain abnormalities and developmental delays for fetuses in 2% of cases
  • Up to 30% of cases in newborns are fatal
30
Q

Describe the cycle of varicella (chickenpox)

A
  • Early symptoms (fever, loss of apetite, headache, fatigue
  • Rash forms on trunk or face
  • Scabs form and fall off after 1-2 weeks
  • Can infect others from 1-2 days before rash onset until all blisters have scabbed
    -After recovery, disease remains dormant in the spine
31
Q

Provide some facts about shingles.

A
  • It is the reactivation of varicella (chickenpox) from a previous case
  • Occurs mainly in 40+yr olds
  • Most common in people with suppressed immune systems
32
Q

What is R0?

A

The basic reproduction number (R0) is the number of people that one sick person will infect (on average).
It measures the transmission potential of a disease where everyone is susceptible.

33
Q

What is the R0 of measles? Explain what this means.

A

18
This means for each case of measles, we can expect 18 new cases of measles in a population where everyone is susceptible.

34
Q

What are the three factors of affect the R0 of a disease?

A
  1. The rate of contacts in the host population
  2. The probability of infection being transmitted during contact
  3. The duration of infectionsness
35
Q

What must the R0 be for an epidemic to occur in a susceptible population?

A

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