Module 1: Historical Development Flashcards by Ashley Seclon

Q

word sonography means

A

Latin word SONUS (sound) and Greek word GRAPHIEN
(to write)

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Q

Anatomic imaging with an ultrasound is accomplished with

A

Pulse-echo technique

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Q

sent into the tissues to interact with them. Echoes return from the tissue providing information that is useful for anatomic imaging.

A

UTZ pulses

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Q

both generates and detects the returning echoes. The ultrasound instrument processes the echo formation and generates appropriate dots, which form the ultrasound image on the display.

A

Transducer

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Q

Backbone of any ultrasound device

A

Transduceer

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Q

Advantages of Sonography

A

Mobility
More cost effective
More versatility
MInimal supplies

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Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Elephants, and Whales

A

0.1-25 Hz (infrasound)

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Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Humans

A

20 - 20,000 Hz or 20 KHz

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Q

Animal Word

Audible Range of Dogs

A

Up to 40,000 Hz

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Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Cats

A

100 to 60,000 Hz

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Q

Animal World

Audbile Range of Dolpins

A

1,000-100,000 Hz or 100 KHz

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Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Bats

A

Up to 150,000 Hz or 150 KHz

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Q

Locations are identified through soundwaves being reflected and bounced back

A

Echolocation

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

1st provide experimental evidence that non-audible sound exist around us

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

In 1794, Spallanzani hypothesized that bats navigated using?

A

sound waves

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

used underwater church bell
proved sound travelled faster through water than air

A

Jean Daniel Colladon (1826)

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Hypothesized that the pitch of a sound would change if the source of the sound was moving

A

Christian Andreas Doppler (1803-1853)

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

an important tool in ultrasonography today

A

Color doppler ultrasound

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

discovered the “Piezo-Electric Effect” in certain crystals

A

Pierre and Jacques Curie (1880)

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

led to the development of the ultrasound transducer

A

Pierre and Jacques Curie (1880)

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

the backbone of any ultrasound device

A

Transducer

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

what is the first transducer called?

A

Hydrophone

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

invented the hydrophone after Titanic sinking (1912) to detect icebergs and submarines during WWI

A

Paul Langevin (1915)

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Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

First physician to use ultrasound for medical diagnosis (of brain tumors)

A

Karl Dussik (1942)

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# Historical Perspective of Sound First described the use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones

George Ludwig, MD (1948)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Continued to use through-transmission techniques and computer analysis to diagnose brain lesions in the intact skull but discontinued after concluding the techniques is too complicated for routine clinical use

Dussik, Heuter, Bolt and Ballyantyne (Early 1950s)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Developed the first ultrasound scanner consists of a **cattle watering tank** with a **wooden rail** anchored along the side. The transducer carriage move along the rail in a horizontal plane, while the object to be scanned and the transducer was inside the water tank

Howry (1948)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Echocardiographic techniques were able to distinguish normal heart valve motion from a thickened, calcified valve motion seen in patients with rheumatic heart disease

Hertz & Edler (1953)

# Historical Perspective of Sound first successful echocardiogram

Hertz & Edler (1953)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Pioneer 2D B-mode ultrasound at the University of Colorado

Douglas Howry & Joseph Holmes (1950S)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Early obstetric contact-compound scanner used primarily to evaluate the location of the placenta and to determine the gestational age of the fetus

Tom Brown & Ian Donald (1957-1958)

# Historical Perspective of Sound Pioneers OB-GYN ultrasound

Ian Donald (1958)

used in clinical medicine has not been associated with any harmful biologic effects and is generally accepted as a safe modality

Diagnostic ultrasound

Diagnostic ultrasound uses ____ to generate an image of a particular structure in the body

non-ionizing, high frequency sound waves

- used for calculation of blood flow velocities - detection, quantization and evaluation of tissue motion and blood flow

Doppler technique

are clinically useful in determining direction, resistance, turbulence or regurgitation of blood flow

* Pulse-wave * Continuous flow * Color-flow mapping

# Nature of Ultrasound A form of energy of mechanically produced waves and frequencies above the range of human hearing

Ultrasound

# Nature of Ultrasound Ultrasound is a sound with a frequency greater than?

20,000 Hz or 20 KHz

# Nature of Ultrasound Unit of frequency

Hertz

# Nature of Ultrasound Indicates the number of wave cycles that passes

Hertz

# Nature of Ultrasound the first ultrasound instrument emitting frequencies above 20,000 Hz

Dog Whistle

uses frequencies ranging from 1-10 million Hz (10 MHz)

Diagnostic Ultrasound

# Diagnostic Ultrasound below 20 Hz

Infrasound

# Diagnostic Ultrasound 20 - 20,000 Hz

Audible Sound

# Diagnostic Ultrasound above 20,000 (16,000 - 20,000 Hz)

Ultrasound

# Diagnostic Ultrasound 1,000,000 - 20,000,000 Hz (1- 20 MHz) or 2,000,000 - 12,000,000 Hz (2-12 MHz)

Diagnostic Ulrasound

unsucessful attempt at locating the Titanic which sank in 1912

Industrial Application

SONAR

Sound Navigation and Ranging (WWII)

# Medical Applications 1st practical ultrasound imaging unit was designed by and when?

Karl Dussik (1949)

# Medical Application constructued the 1st B-mode scanner from surplus naval sonar equipment, an oscilloscope and a quartz transducer

Douglas Howry and W.R. Bliss (1949)

# Medical Application constructed the 3rd B-mode scanner from a B-29 gun turret

Joseph Holmes and Douglas Howry

# Medical Application 3rd B-mode scanner

Sonoscope

# Medical Application 1st contact static B-mode scanner commercially manufactured by?

Physonics (1960)

What are the two Biological Effects?

- Heat (Thermal Effect) - Cavitation (Mechanical Effect)

Effect created by vibrating motion of vibrating molecules

Heat (Thermal effect)

results in an attenuation of the ultrasound beam and absorption of energy by the target tissue results in elevation of temperature

Vibration

Temperature elevation is not an instantaneous phenomena because of?

Physiologic protective measure of the body by - Thermal Conduction (from cell to cell) - Thermal Convection (way of body fluids)

In Diagnostic Ultrasound, Temperatures rise up to?

0.1 degrees Celcius or less (considered safe and not a significant biologic hazard)

Violent molecular agitations can result in?

Microbubbles

occurs when dissolved gases grow into bubbles around stable microbubble nuclei during the negative pressure phase of the propagated sound wave

Cavitation

Intensities greater than approximately ________ are necessary for the formation of microbubbles

1000 W cm -2

very short pulse lengths associated with pulse-echo ultrasound will not produce?

Cavitation

have not been confirmed for pulse ultrasound intensities less than 100 mV/cms

Bioeffects