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Module 1: Historical Development Flashcards

1
Q

word sonography means

A

Latin word SONUS (sound) and Greek word GRAPHIEN
(to write)

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2
Q

Anatomic imaging with an ultrasound is accomplished with

A

Pulse-echo technique

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3
Q

sent into the tissues to interact with them. Echoes return from the tissue providing information that is useful for anatomic imaging.

A

UTZ pulses

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4
Q

both generates and detects the returning echoes. The ultrasound instrument processes the echo formation and generates appropriate dots, which form the ultrasound image on the display.

A

Transducer

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5
Q

Backbone of any ultrasound device

A

Transduceer

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6
Q

Advantages of Sonography

A
  • Mobility
  • More cost effective
  • More versatility
  • MInimal supplies
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7
Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Elephants, and Whales

A

0.1-25 Hz (infrasound)

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8
Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Humans

A

20 - 20,000 Hz or 20 KHz

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9
Q

Animal Word

Audible Range of Dogs

A

Up to 40,000 Hz

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10
Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Cats

A

100 to 60,000 Hz

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11
Q

Animal World

Audbile Range of Dolpins

A

1,000-100,000 Hz or 100 KHz

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12
Q

Animal World

Audible Range of Bats

A

Up to 150,000 Hz or 150 KHz

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13
Q

Locations are identified through soundwaves being reflected and bounced back

A

Echolocation

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14
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

1st provide experimental evidence that non-audible sound exist around us

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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15
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

In 1794, Spallanzani hypothesized that bats navigated using?

A

sound waves

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16
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

  • used underwater church bell
  • proved sound travelled faster through water than air
A

Jean Daniel Colladon (1826)

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17
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

  • Hypothesized that the pitch of a sound would change if the source of the sound was moving
A

Christian Andreas Doppler (1803-1853)

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18
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

an important tool in ultrasonography today

A

Color doppler ultrasound

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19
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

discovered the “Piezo-Electric Effect” in certain crystals

A

Pierre and Jacques Curie (1880)

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20
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

led to the development of the ultrasound transducer

A

Pierre and Jacques Curie (1880)

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21
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

the backbone of any ultrasound device

A

Transducer

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22
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

what is the first transducer called?

A

Hydrophone

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23
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

invented the hydrophone after Titanic sinking (1912) to detect icebergs and submarines during WWI

A

Paul Langevin (1915)

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24
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

First physician to use ultrasound for medical diagnosis (of brain tumors)

A

Karl Dussik (1942)

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25
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

First described the use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones

A

George Ludwig, MD (1948)

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26
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Continued to use through-transmission techniques and computer analysis to diagnose brain lesions in the intact skull but discontinued after concluding the techniques is too complicated for routine clinical use

A

Dussik, Heuter, Bolt and Ballyantyne (Early 1950s)

27
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Developed the first ultrasound scanner consists of a cattle watering tank with a wooden rail anchored along the side.

The transducer carriage move along the rail in a horizontal plane, while the object to be scanned and the transducer was inside the water tank

A

Howry (1948)

28
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Echocardiographic techniques were able to distinguish normal heart valve motion from a thickened, calcified valve motion seen in patients with rheumatic heart disease

A

Hertz & Edler (1953)

29
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

first successful echocardiogram

A

Hertz & Edler (1953)

30
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Pioneer 2D B-mode ultrasound at the University of Colorado

A

Douglas Howry & Joseph Holmes (1950S)

31
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Early obstetric contact-compound scanner used primarily to evaluate the location of the placenta and to determine the gestational age of the fetus

A

Tom Brown & Ian Donald (1957-1958)

32
Q

Historical Perspective of Sound

Pioneers OB-GYN ultrasound

A

Ian Donald (1958)

33
Q

used in clinical medicine has not been associated with any harmful biologic effects and is generally accepted as a safe modality

A

Diagnostic ultrasound

34
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound uses ____ to generate an image of a particular structure in the body

A

non-ionizing, high frequency sound waves

35
Q
  • used for calculation of blood flow velocities
  • detection, quantization and evaluation of tissue motion and blood flow
A

Doppler technique

36
Q

are clinically useful in determining direction, resistance, turbulence or regurgitation of blood flow

A
  • Pulse-wave
  • Continuous flow
  • Color-flow mapping
37
Q

Nature of Ultrasound

A form of energy of mechanically produced waves and frequencies above the range of human hearing

A

Ultrasound

38
Q

Nature of Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a sound with a frequency greater than?

A

20,000 Hz or 20 KHz

39
Q

Nature of Ultrasound

Unit of frequency

40
Q

Nature of Ultrasound

Indicates the number of wave cycles that passes

41
Q

Nature of Ultrasound

the first ultrasound instrument emitting frequencies above 20,000 Hz

A

Dog Whistle

42
Q

uses frequencies ranging from 1-10 million Hz (10 MHz)

A

Diagnostic Ultrasound

43
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

below 20 Hz

A

Infrasound

44
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

20 - 20,000 Hz

A

Audible Sound

45
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

above 20,000 (16,000 - 20,000 Hz)

A

Ultrasound

46
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

1,000,000 - 20,000,000 Hz (1- 20 MHz) or 2,000,000 - 12,000,000 Hz (2-12 MHz)

A

Diagnostic Ulrasound

47
Q

unsucessful attempt at locating the Titanic which sank in 1912

A

Industrial Application

48
Q

SONAR

A

Sound Navigation and Ranging (WWII)

49
Q

Medical Applications

1st practical ultrasound imaging unit was designed by and when?

A

Karl Dussik (1949)

50
Q

Medical Application

constructued the 1st B-mode scanner from surplus naval sonar equipment, an oscilloscope and a quartz transducer

A

Douglas Howry and W.R. Bliss (1949)

51
Q

Medical Application

constructed the 3rd B-mode scanner from a B-29 gun turret

A

Joseph Holmes and Douglas Howry

52
Q

Medical Application

3rd B-mode scanner

53
Q

Medical Application

1st contact static B-mode scanner commercially manufactured by?

A

Physonics (1960)

53
Q

What are the two Biological Effects?

A
  • Heat (Thermal Effect)
  • Cavitation (Mechanical Effect)
54
Q

Effect created by vibrating motion of vibrating molecules

A

Heat (Thermal effect)

55
Q

results in an attenuation of the ultrasound beam and absorption of energy by the target tissue results in elevation of temperature

56
Q

Temperature elevation is not an instantaneous phenomena because of?

A

Physiologic protective measure of the body by
- Thermal Conduction (from cell to cell)
- Thermal Convection (way of body fluids)

57
Q

In Diagnostic Ultrasound, Temperatures rise up to?

A

0.1 degrees Celcius or less (considered safe and not a significant biologic hazard)

58
Q

Violent molecular agitations can result in?

A

Microbubbles

59
Q

occurs when dissolved gases grow into bubbles around stable microbubble nuclei during the negative pressure phase of the propagated sound wave

A

Cavitation

60
Q

Intensities greater than approximately ________ are necessary for the formation of microbubbles

A

1000 W cm -2

61
Q

very short pulse lengths associated with pulse-echo ultrasound will not produce?

A

Cavitation

62
Q

have not been confirmed for pulse ultrasound intensities less than 100 mV/cms

A

Bioeffects

RT 215 (1 decks)

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