Module 1: General Principles Flashcards
deals with the structure of the human body and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
concerned with function (how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities)
Physiology
Type of anatomy based on size: Macroscopic
Gross Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on size: includes cytology and histology
Microscopic Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on approach: structures examined together per region
Regional Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on approach: structures are studied system by system
Systemic Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on approach: studies internal structures as they relate to overlying body surface
Surface Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on applications: structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Developmental Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: structural changes brought about by disease
Pathological Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: studies internal structures as visualized by medical imaging
Radiological Anatomy
Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: anatomy as applied to surgical procedures
Surgical Anatomy
Type of physiology: studies function at the cellular and molecular level
Cellular Physiology
Type of physiology: focuses on specific physiologic systems
Systems Physiology
Type of physiology: assesses physiologic responses to environmental challenges
Environmental Physiology
Type of physiology: explains how physiologic traits arise within lineages
Evolutionary Physiology
most basic unit of life
cell
group of cells that perform a common function
tissue
discrete structure made up of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Organ
collection of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Organ system
number of organ systems in the body
12
essential life functions
MMRDMERG (Maintenance of boundaries; Movement; Responsiveness; Digestion & Metabolism; Excretion; Reproduction; Growth)
Organ system that forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands
Integumentary system
Organ systems that protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals
Skeletal system
Organ system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Muscular system
Organ system that is the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Organs system with glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Endocrine system
Organ systems where blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.
Cardiovascular system
Organ system where leaked fluid from blood vessels is picked up and returned to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.
Lymphatic system
Organ system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Respiratory system
Organ system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
Digestive system
Organ system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system
Organ system with the overall function of production of offspring
Male/Female reproductive system
Recurrent physiologic themes
- physiologic processes obey the laws and principles of chemistry and physics
- usually regulated
- physiological phenotype is a product of the genotype and the environment
- genotype is product o evolution by means of natural selection and other evolutionary processes
recognized the importance of maintaining the stability of milieu interieur
Claude Bernard
describes the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite large fluctuations in the external environment
Homeostasis
who coined the term homeostasis?
Walter Cannon
the concept of homeostasis indicates a ___ state of equilibrium (internal conditions may vary but stay within narrow limits)
dynamic
perturbations in any of these conditions create a ____, that leads to a _____
homeostatic imbalance, diseased state
Components of a homeostatic system: produces change in variable
Stimulus
Components of a homeostatic system: detects change
Receptor
Components of a homeostatic system: information sent along afferent pathway to control center
Input
Components of a homeostatic system: information sent along efferent pathway to effector
Output
Components of a homeostatic system: feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
Reponse
Order of the homeostatic system:
- Stimulus (causes imbalance)
- Receptor
- Input
- Control center
- Output (to effector)
- Response (returns to balanced)
type of feedback displayed by most homeostatic systems: output shuts down or reduces intensity of the stimulus
Negative Feedback
Ex of feedback: Regulation of body temperature, control of blood glucose levels
Negative Feedback
type of feedback where the initial response enhances the original stimulus so the further responses are even greater
Positive Feedback
Ex of feedback: Blood clotting, uterine contraction during labor
Positive Feedback
describes an event where physiological systems evolve to favor survival in a specific environment
Adaptation
refers to processes that causes changes in physiologic phenotype in response to prolonged exposure to altered conditions in the environment
Acclimatization
Acclimatization is a ____ process, while adaptation is ____
Reversible; irreversible
Describe the anatomical position
Body is erect, head facing forward, feet slightly apart, both palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
Orientation and Directional terms: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (use in a sentence)
Superior (cranial)
Orientation and Directional terms: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Inferior (cranial)
Orientation and Directional terms: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Anterior (ventral)
Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Posterior (dorsal)
Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Medial
Orientation and Directional terms: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Lateral
Orientation and Directional terms: Between a more medial and more lateral structure
Intermediate
Orientation and Directional terms: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Orientation and Directional terms: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the body surface
Superficial
Orientation and Directional terms: Away from the body surface
Deep
Anatomical planes: divides the body into the left and right parts
Median/Sagittal plane
Anatomical planes: divides the body into the anterior and posterior parts
Frontal plane
Anatomical planes: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse plane
Anatomical planes: diagonal section
Oblique plane
Part of the membrane that lines the body cavity
Parietal membrane
Membrane that covers the surface of organs within the cavity
Visceral membrane
How many quadrants and regions is there in the abdomen (name these)
4 quadrants, 9 regions
A phospholipid bilayer studded with peripheral and integral proteins (that are crucial for many functions); maintains physical boundaries of the cell, and allows for differences in chemical composition between intracellular and extracellular environments
Plasma membrane
movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration
Diffusion
Which law pertains to the diffusion of substances between 2 compartments separated by a semi permeable membrane?
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
net flux (J) = permeability (P) x surface area of the membrane (A), x concentration in compartment 1 - concentration in compartment 2
Requires added energy, and substances can move from low to high concentration
Active transport
No added energy required; substances move from high to low concentration
Passive transport
Types of passive transport: lipid soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer
Simple diffusion
Types of passive transport: via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport protein to change shape
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Types of passive transport: through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
Types of passive transport: diffusion of solvent such as water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer
Osmosis
Does simple diffusion need membrane transport protein? Facilitated diffusion? Osmosis?
No, Yes, No (except for movement through aquaporins)
refers to the total concentration of all solute particles/osmoles in a solution
Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
refers to the ability of the solution to change the shape of cells or plasma membrane tension by altering the intracellular water volume
Tonicity
Reflection coefficient of 1 is equivalent of
being completely impermeable
Reflection coefficient of 0 is equivalent of
being completely permeable
cells retain their normal size and shape in ___ solutions (same solute/water concentration as inside cells)
Isotonic solution
cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a _____ solution (contains a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside the cells)
Hypertonic solution
cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) in a ____ solution (contains a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cells)
Hypotonic solution
Fluid exchange between interstitial and intravascular spaces
Starling Forces
Components of Starling Forces
Capillary & Interstitial Hydrostatic pressure, Capillary & interstitial oncotic pressure
Equation of Starling forces
net flux movement = diffusion coefficient ((capillary hydrostatic pressure - interstitial hydrostatic pressure) - (capillary oncotic pressure - interstitial oncotic pressure))
accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space
Edema
accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity
Pleural effusion
