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BIO4122: Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1: General Principles > Flashcards

Module 1: General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the structure of the human body and their relationships to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

concerned with function (how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities)

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Type of anatomy based on size: Macroscopic

A

Gross Anatomy

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4
Q

Type of anatomy based on size: includes cytology and histology

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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5
Q

Type of anatomy based on approach: structures examined together per region

A

Regional Anatomy

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6
Q

Type of anatomy based on approach: structures are studied system by system

A

Systemic Anatomy

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7
Q

Type of anatomy based on approach: studies internal structures as they relate to overlying body surface

A

Surface Anatomy

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8
Q

Type of anatomy based on applications: structural changes that occur throughout the life span

A

Developmental Anatomy

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9
Q

Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: structural changes brought about by disease

A

Pathological Anatomy

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10
Q

Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: studies internal structures as visualized by medical imaging

A

Radiological Anatomy

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11
Q

Type of anatomy based on clinical anatomy applications: anatomy as applied to surgical procedures

A

Surgical Anatomy

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12
Q

Type of physiology: studies function at the cellular and molecular level

A

Cellular Physiology

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13
Q

Type of physiology: focuses on specific physiologic systems

A

Systems Physiology

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14
Q

Type of physiology: assesses physiologic responses to environmental challenges

A

Environmental Physiology

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15
Q

Type of physiology: explains how physiologic traits arise within lineages

A

Evolutionary Physiology

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16
Q

most basic unit of life

A

cell

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17
Q

group of cells that perform a common function

A

tissue

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18
Q

discrete structure made up of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

A

Organ

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19
Q

collection of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

A

Organ system

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20
Q

number of organ systems in the body

A

12

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21
Q

essential life functions

A

MMRDMERG (Maintenance of boundaries; Movement; Responsiveness; Digestion & Metabolism; Excretion; Reproduction; Growth)

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22
Q

Organ system that forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands

A

Integumentary system

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23
Q

Organ systems that protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals

A

Skeletal system

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24
Q

Organ system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

A

Muscular system

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25
Q

Organ system that is the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

Nervous system

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26
Q

Organs system with glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

Endocrine system

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27
Q

Organ systems where blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.

A

Cardiovascular system

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28
Q

Organ system where leaked fluid from blood vessels is picked up and returned to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

A

Lymphatic system

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29
Q

Organ system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

A

Respiratory system

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30
Q

Organ system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

A

Digestive system

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31
Q

Organ system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

A

Urinary system

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32
Q

Organ system with the overall function of production of offspring

A

Male/Female reproductive system

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33
Q

Recurrent physiologic themes

A
  1. physiologic processes obey the laws and principles of chemistry and physics
  2. usually regulated
  3. physiological phenotype is a product of the genotype and the environment
  4. genotype is product o evolution by means of natural selection and other evolutionary processes
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34
Q

recognized the importance of maintaining the stability of milieu interieur

A

Claude Bernard

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35
Q

describes the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite large fluctuations in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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36
Q

who coined the term homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

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37
Q

the concept of homeostasis indicates a ___ state of equilibrium (internal conditions may vary but stay within narrow limits)

A

dynamic

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38
Q

perturbations in any of these conditions create a ____, that leads to a _____

A

homeostatic imbalance, diseased state

39
Q

Components of a homeostatic system: produces change in variable

A

Stimulus

40
Q

Components of a homeostatic system: detects change

A

Receptor

41
Q

Components of a homeostatic system: information sent along afferent pathway to control center

A

Input

42
Q

Components of a homeostatic system: information sent along efferent pathway to effector

A

Output

43
Q

Components of a homeostatic system: feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

A

Reponse

44
Q

Order of the homeostatic system:

A
  1. Stimulus (causes imbalance)
  2. Receptor
  3. Input
  4. Control center
  5. Output (to effector)
  6. Response (returns to balanced)
45
Q

type of feedback displayed by most homeostatic systems: output shuts down or reduces intensity of the stimulus

A

Negative Feedback

46
Q

Ex of feedback: Regulation of body temperature, control of blood glucose levels

A

Negative Feedback

47
Q

type of feedback where the initial response enhances the original stimulus so the further responses are even greater

A

Positive Feedback

48
Q

Ex of feedback: Blood clotting, uterine contraction during labor

A

Positive Feedback

49
Q

describes an event where physiological systems evolve to favor survival in a specific environment

A

Adaptation

50
Q

refers to processes that causes changes in physiologic phenotype in response to prolonged exposure to altered conditions in the environment

A

Acclimatization

51
Q

Acclimatization is a ____ process, while adaptation is ____

A

Reversible; irreversible

52
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Body is erect, head facing forward, feet slightly apart, both palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

53
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (use in a sentence)

A

Superior (cranial)

54
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

A

Inferior (cranial)

55
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: toward or at the front of the body; in front of

A

Anterior (ventral)

56
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the back of the body; behind

A

Posterior (dorsal)

57
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

A

Medial

58
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

A

Lateral

59
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Between a more medial and more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

60
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

61
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Distal

62
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Toward or at the body surface

A

Superficial

63
Q

Orientation and Directional terms: Away from the body surface

A

Deep

64
Q

Anatomical planes: divides the body into the left and right parts

A

Median/Sagittal plane

65
Q

Anatomical planes: divides the body into the anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal plane

66
Q

Anatomical planes: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse plane

67
Q

Anatomical planes: diagonal section

A

Oblique plane

68
Q

Part of the membrane that lines the body cavity

A

Parietal membrane

69
Q

Membrane that covers the surface of organs within the cavity

A

Visceral membrane

70
Q

How many quadrants and regions is there in the abdomen (name these)

A

4 quadrants, 9 regions

71
Q

A phospholipid bilayer studded with peripheral and integral proteins (that are crucial for many functions); maintains physical boundaries of the cell, and allows for differences in chemical composition between intracellular and extracellular environments

A

Plasma membrane

72
Q

movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

73
Q

Which law pertains to the diffusion of substances between 2 compartments separated by a semi permeable membrane?

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

74
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

net flux (J) = permeability (P) x surface area of the membrane (A), x concentration in compartment 1 - concentration in compartment 2

75
Q

Requires added energy, and substances can move from low to high concentration

A

Active transport

76
Q

No added energy required; substances move from high to low concentration

A

Passive transport

77
Q

Types of passive transport: lipid soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Simple diffusion

78
Q

Types of passive transport: via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport protein to change shape

A

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

79
Q

Types of passive transport: through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge

A

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

80
Q

Types of passive transport: diffusion of solvent such as water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer

A

Osmosis

81
Q

Does simple diffusion need membrane transport protein? Facilitated diffusion? Osmosis?

A

No, Yes, No (except for movement through aquaporins)

82
Q

refers to the total concentration of all solute particles/osmoles in a solution

A

Osmolarity (mOsm/L)

83
Q

refers to the ability of the solution to change the shape of cells or plasma membrane tension by altering the intracellular water volume

A

Tonicity

84
Q

Reflection coefficient of 1 is equivalent of

A

being completely impermeable

85
Q

Reflection coefficient of 0 is equivalent of

A

being completely permeable

86
Q

cells retain their normal size and shape in ___ solutions (same solute/water concentration as inside cells)

A

Isotonic solution

87
Q

cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a _____ solution (contains a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside the cells)

A

Hypertonic solution

88
Q

cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) in a ____ solution (contains a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cells)

A

Hypotonic solution

89
Q

Fluid exchange between interstitial and intravascular spaces

A

Starling Forces

90
Q

Components of Starling Forces

A

Capillary & Interstitial Hydrostatic pressure, Capillary & interstitial oncotic pressure

91
Q

Equation of Starling forces

A

net flux movement = diffusion coefficient ((capillary hydrostatic pressure - interstitial hydrostatic pressure) - (capillary oncotic pressure - interstitial oncotic pressure))

92
Q

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space

A

Edema

93
Q

accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusion

BIO4122: Human Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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