Module 1: from macromolecules to cellular function Flashcards
does not have a membrane bound nucleus
prokaryotic cells
sexual and asexual reproduction mitosis and meiosis
eukaryotic cells
no cytoskeleton
prokaryotic cells
structure and function of the nucleus
double membrane with nuclear pores, contains chromatin
function - stores genetic material DNA controls cell activity and directs synthesis of proteins and rna
structure and function of Er
Networks of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae,
function - rough er synthesizes proteins and modified proteins, smooth er synthesized lipid, detox drugs poisons stored calcium ions
Golgi apparatus
stacked membranes bound sacs or cisternae, distinct polarity , cis and trans faces
modified sorts and packages proteins and lipids received from er for transport to other parts of the cell or secretion
lysosomes
membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes
breaks down macromolecules such as proteins and lipids and older or damaged organelles, involved in cellular waste disposal
vesicles
small membrane bound sacs that transport material
transport materials from different organelles in the endomembrane system (er to golgi)
peroxisomes
membrane bound vesicles with enzymes such as catalase
detoxified harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide, breaks down fatty acids
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
selectively permeable membrane that regulates the entry and exit of substances,
s
vacuoles
large membrane bound sacs, prominent in plant cells , storage of water nutrients and waste products, helps maintain turgor pressure
membrane bound organelles with inner folds called thylakoids and stroma. site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy contains own DNA and ribosomes
chloroplasts
Double membrane, outer membrane smooth and permeable to small molecules and ions, inner membrane highly folded cisternae, contains enzymes for electron transport chain and atp synthesis.
primary function- ATP production by cellular respiration in three stages
mitochondria
three stages of cellular respiration
1- glycolysis
2- citric acid cycle
3 oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
where Dna is found in a prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid, free floating and not membrane bound
prokaryotic cells do not have
mitochondria, nuclear envelope, ER, chloroplasts
chromatin
combination of DNA and protein
centrosome
made up of centrioles
a protein that functions in the plasma membrane of cell was synthesized in the
rough er
a cell that secretes a lot of protein would have a lot of
Golgi apparatus
endosymbiotic theory
suggests that an early ancestor eukaryotic cells engulfed and oxygen using prokaryotic cell that was either autotrophic or heterotrophic
proteins that do not span the whole
membrane, only partway through the hydrophobic interior
integral proteins
proteins that span whole membrane
transmembrane proteins
proteins that do not penetrate the membrane at all loosely bound to the surface
peripheral proteins
6 major functions carried out by proteins in the plasma membrane
transportation
enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell to cell recognition
intercellular joining
attacking to cytoskeleton and ECM
these molecules that easily cross phospholipid bilayer
hydrocarbons and non polar molecules because they are hydrophobic and can cross the lipid bilayers hydrophobic interior
these molecules cannot cross the philips blister easily
hydrophobic polar molecules such as water
loss of electrons is called
oxidation
addition of electrons is called
reduction
partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel without the use of oxygen
fermentation
more efficient that fermentation used oxygen and a reactant along with organic fuel
aerobic respiration
1- glycolysis
-occurs in cytosol, breaks down one glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvate
can be divided into energy investments phase and energy payoff phase.
energy investment phase - glucose is phosphorlated before it is split into two three carbon molecules
payoff phase - 2 ATP AND 2 NADH are produced per glucose molecule net energy yielded
to prepare pyruvate to enter citric acid cycle, it is oxidized and decarboxylatied, and the removed electrons are used to reduce NAD to NADH
2 Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA, and acetylCoa is oxidized into CO2
- electron carriers NADH and FADH2 Transfer electrons derived from glucose to electron transport chains
- most of NADH produced for electron transport chain is produced here
- at the end of citric acid cycle 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH are produced
net products at the end of glycolysis per glucose molecule
2 ATP, 2 NADH
produced at the end of citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH
most of NADH produced for electron transport chain is produced here
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
electron transport chain converts chemical energy to a form used for ATP synthesis in chemiosmosis
- at the end of the chain the electrons are combined with molecules oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water
- energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondria can used to make ATP from ADP. this is oxidative phosphorylation.
inner membrane of mitochondria is site of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, together making oxidative phosphorylation.
_____ acccounts for 90 % of ATP generated by respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
muscle tissue makes lactate from ____ to _____ which can then be used to oxidize sugar by glycolysis
pyruvate, regenerate NAD
sacs containing chlorophyll sacs together called grams.
thylakoid
contains photo stems 1 and 2, found within chloroplast
thylakoid
had two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called steins, thylakoids are suspended here
chloroplast
which photo system functions first in light reactions
2
electrons from photosystems 2 comes from
splitting of water molecules
two stages of photosynthesis
light reactions and calvin cycle
site of light reactions
thylakoid
site of calvin cycle
stroma
in photosynthesis, _____is ___ and ______ is _____
water is oxidized, Co2 is reduced
three stages of calvin cycle
carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of co2 acceptors RuBP is regenerated
photostrms consist of these structures
chlorophyll,
reaction centre complex,
primary electron acceptor
light harvesting complex
situated between upper and lower epidermal layers of leaf
mesophyll
these cells contains chloroplasts
parenchyma cells
a microscopic pore in leaf that allows for gas exchange
stomata
this reaction consumes water to produce oxygen
light reactions
the energy used to produce ATP in the light reaction comes from
the movement of H+ through a membrane
