Module 1: Foundations

Question 1

Pharmacology definition

Answer 1

the science of drug action; The study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

umbrella term meaning what a drug does to body☂️

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

What the drug does to the body after reaching the binding site

Question 3

Neuropharmacology

Answer 3

study of drug-induced changes in nervous system cell functioning.

Question 4

Psychopharmacology

Answer 4

emphasized drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior

Question 5

neuropsychopharmacology

Answer 5

drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, behavior, and brain activity and throughout the nervous system cell function.
the study of chemical substances that act on the nervous system to alter behavior that is disturbed due to injury, disease or environmental factors

Question 6

drug action

Answer 6

molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to its target site or receptor

Question 7

drug effect

Answer 7

molecular changes alter physiological or psychological functions

Question 8

therapeutic effects (TE)

Answer 8

effects on behavior or physiology that are DESIRED

Question 9

side effects (SE)

Answer 9

effects on behavior or physiology that are UNDESIRED

Question 10

side effects (SE)

Answer 10

effects on behavior or physiology that are NOT DESIRED
- caused by drug acting or binding to multiple targets or receptors
- each receptor has many subtypes
- receptors expressed in different areas of the body and in different brain regions

Question 11

Can TE and SE be flipped depending on the drug or the desired outcome?

Answer 11

Yes, depending on how the drug is intended to aid the body, the TE and SE can flip such as amphetamines prescribed for narcoleptics so the TE: insomnia during the day and the SE: appetite suppressant. The same medicine can be used to those needing weight loss so now the TE: appetite suppressant and SE: insomnia during the day.

Question 12

Why are side effects a thing?

Answer 12

because drugs are not specific enough to only hit one receptor and they hit other ones from time to time
- 3 reasons specific on other side effect flash card

Question 13

Specific drug effects

Answer 13

hit a particular receptor - based on physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue

Question 14

Nonspecific drug effects

Answer 14

based on certain unique characteristics of the individual (mood, expectations, perceptions, attitudes when taking drug, placebo effect, general molecular effects)
- can’t always be predetermined of the drug

Question 15

Is there such thing as good and bad drugs?

Answer 15

No, some drugs have drug effects that are considered desired vs undesired but it really depends on why u are taking or prescribed the drug, some better treat different things

Question 16

placebo (NS or S drug effect?)

Answer 16

Nonspecific effect since it can produce a physiological change and both a therapeutic and side effects. It is a pharmacologically inert compound.

Question 17

Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

Pavlov -> symptom relief in the past (visiting dr office) was effective in relieving symptoms
- belief that a drug may produce real physiological effects despite the lack of a drug action

Question 18

Expectancy effect and how to prevent?

Answer 18

those who expect a drug to work, find relief and vise versa
- prevented with double blind trials and placebos help
- ex: doctor smith vs nurse smith - different connotations of the word

Question 19

does the color of pill you give someone cause an effect on the se or te that the patient receives and which color says what?

Answer 19

yes color effects how well the patient expects a drug to help
- red and orange: stimulants
- yellow: antidepressants
- green: anxiety
- white: pain
- blue: sedative (except in italy)

Question 20

In what ways do Pharmacokinetic factors determine drug action?

Answer 20

• methods of administration and their impact on the onset of drug action/effects
• factors that modify drug absorption
• depot binding
• biotransformation and elimination

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

what the body does to a drug and the dynamic factors that contribute to bioavailability - if a drug doesn’t reach the site of action, there will be no effect.

Question 22

Bioavailability

Answer 22

amount of drug that is free to interact with targets

Question 23

pharmacodynamics

Answer 23

what the drug does the body - what effects does it produce

Question 24

What are the Pharmacokinetic factors

Answer 24

• routes of administration
• absorption and distribution
• binding
• inactivation
• excretion

Question 25

Drug or route administration types

Answer 25

Enteral and Parenteral; determines how quickly and how much drug reaches target tissue

Question 26

Enteral administration types

Answer 26

oral (PO) or rectal

Question 27

Parenteral administration types

Answer 27

Intravenous
Intraperitoneal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Inhalation
*these ways go to the receptor faster than enteral

Question 28

Why and How does inhalation of a drug cause a faster and greater effect on the brain?

Answer 28

It skips the liver breakdown bc the body is trying to keep the blood healthy so it has systems in place to break down the outside chemicals like alcohol and such

Question 29

Benefits and Considerations of oral administration (PO)

Answer 29

Benefits: Safe (easier to excrete if have bad reaction), self-administered, economical
Considerations:
- degradation by stomach acids and enzymes
- many factors can influence plasma concentration such as absorption and first-pass metabolism
- ex: insulin can’t be orally administered bc it is immediately degraded by the stomach

Question 30

Methods of Administration: Absorption and factors that influence it

Answer 30

Movement of the drug from site of administration to the blood circulation
factors influencing it:
- food in stomach
- type of food
- physical activity
- metabolism –> enzymes

Question 31

First-Pass Metabolism

Answer 31

Chemical alteration of a drug by the liver prior to reaching the brain or heart
- caused by evolutionary adaptation to reduce toxins in the CS
- Parenteral methods by-pass the liver on initial delivery to organs

Question 32

Rectal Administration (first-pass or bypass metabolism?)

Answer 32

the drug may avoid first-pass metabolism depending on placement; therefore it bypasses the liver
- used in infants that can’t take orally