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A&P I > Module 1 Exam > Flashcards

Module 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Form and structure of organs/systems

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Function of organs/systems

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3
Q

Levels of Organization (6)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organismal
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4
Q

Chemical level

A
  • simplest level
  • involves atoms and moleculeus
  • atoms–molecules–macromolecules–organelles
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5
Q

Cellular level

A
  • consists of cells

* smalles living structures

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6
Q

Tissue level

A

*groups of similar cells that perform common functions

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7
Q

Organ level

A

*contain 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions

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8
Q

Organ system level

A

*related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve common function

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9
Q

Organismal level

A
  • highest level

* all body systems function interdependently

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10
Q

6 Characteristics of life

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth and development
  4. Responsiveness
  5. Regulation
  6. Reproduction
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11
Q

Organ systems (11)

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Skeletal system
  4. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine system
  6. Lymphatic system
  7. Cardiovascular system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Urinary system
  10. Digestive system
  11. Reproductive system
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12
Q

Function of integumentary system

A
  • protection
  • regulate body temp
  • site of cutaneous receptors and glands
  • synthesizes vit D
  • prevents water loss
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13
Q

Function of muscular system

A
  • produces body movement

* generates heat w/ muscle contractions

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14
Q

Function of nervous system

A
  • regulatory
  • controls muscles and some glands
  • responds to sensory stimuli
  • responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
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15
Q

Function of endocrine system

A
  • glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones—-regulate development, growth, and metabolism
  • maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  • control digestive processes, and control reproduction
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16
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A
  • transports and filters lymph

* participates in an immune response when necessary

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17
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A
  • consists of heart and blood vessels

* heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

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18
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

*responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs

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19
Q

Function of the urinary system

A
  • filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules
  • concentrates waste products in the form of urine
  • expels urine from the body
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20
Q

Function of the digestive system

A
  • mechanically and chemically digests food materials
  • absorbs nutrients
  • expels waste products
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21
Q

Function of the reproductive system

A 
Male
*Produces male sex cells
*produces male hormones
*transfers sperm to female
Female
*Produces female sex cells
*produces female hormones
*receives sperm from male
*site of fertilization
*site of growth and development of embryo and fetus
*produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn
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22
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to internal or external conditions

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23
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • resulting action always in opposite direction of the stimulus
  • most processes use this
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24
Q

Positive feedback

A

*stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs

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25
Q

Structures found in mediastinum (5)

A
  1. Heart
  2. Thymus
  3. Esophagus
  4. Trachea
  5. Major blood vessels connecting to heart
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26
Q

Serous membrane

A

*Layer of cells that lines subdivisions of ventral cavity

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27
Q

Parietal layer of serous membrane

A

Lines internal surface of body wall

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28
Q

Visceral layer of serous membrane

A

Lines external surface of organs

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29
Q

Superior

A

closer to head

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30
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to feet

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31
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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32
Q

Posterior

A

In back of

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33
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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34
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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35
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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36
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from point of attachment

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37
Q

Deep

A

On inside

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38
Q

Superficial

A

On outside

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39
Q

Cranial

A

Surrounding the brain

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40
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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41
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head

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42
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

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43
Q

Nasal

44
Q

Oral

45
Q

Otic

46
Q

Buccal

47
Q

Mental

48
Q

Cervical

49
Q

Clavicular

50
Q

Pectoral

51
Q

Sternal

52
Q

Mammary

53
Q

Umbilical

A

Belly button

54
Q

Inguinal

55
Q

Pubic

A

Anterior region of pelvis

56
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal column

57
Q

Lumbar

A

Relating to inferior part of back

58
Q

Sacral

A

Posterior region between hip bones

59
Q

Gluteal

60
Q

Perineal

A

Diamond-shaped region between the legs

61
Q

Axillary

62
Q

Brachial

63
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior to elbow

64
Q

Antebrachial

65
Q

Deltoid

66
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Parallel to midsagittal plane

67
Q

Transverse Plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior parts

68
Q

Frontal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides into anterior and posterior parts

69
Q

6 elements that make up 98% of weight of human body

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Calcium
  6. Phosphorus
70
Q

Low # on pH scale

A

More acidic

71
Q

High # on pH scale

A

More basic

72
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Acetyl-CoA converted to fatty acids

73
Q

Lipolysis

A

Hydrolysis

Hydroxl and carboxyl group

74
Q

Factors that denature a protein

A

Heat
Chemically altered
Changes in pH

75
Q

Enzymes result to activation energy of reaction it catalyzes

A

Lowers energy needed

76
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • synthesizes proteins
  • Modifies and stores
  • Forms transport vehicles
77
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Detoxifies
  • Forms transport vehicles
78
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Forms proteoglycans
  • Modifies and stores proteins formed in ER
  • Provides means of transporting substances into, out of, and within a cell
79
Q

Lysosomes

A

*breakdown molecules

80
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Break down molecules

* form types of lipids

81
Q

Mitochondrial

A
  • powerhouse of the cell

* ATP production

82
Q

Ribosomes

A

*protein synthesis

83
Q

Na+/K+ pump process

A
  • Active transport
  • ATP
  • 3 Na+ from cell to interstitial fluid
  • 2K+ from interstitial fluid to cell
  • moves against gradient
84
Q

Central dogma of biology

A

DNA–>RNA–>Protein

85
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

air sacs
lining of lymph vessels
blood vessels
serous membranes

86
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

thyroid gland follicles
surface of ovary
kidney tubules
secretory regions

87
Q

Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium location

A

digestive tract

88
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium location

A

larger bronchioles

uterine tubes

89
Q

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium location

A 
larger airways
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
90
Q

non ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium location

A

male urethra
epididymis
RARE

91
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

92
Q

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
vagina
anus
93
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

exocrine glands
male urethra
ovarian follicles

94
Q

stratified columnar epithelium location

A

salivary glands

male urethra

95
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

urinary bladder
ureters
urethra

96
Q

Endocrine definition

A

Secrete hormones directly into the blood

ex:// thyroid gland

97
Q

Exocrine definition

A

Secretions released onto epithelial surface by a duct

ex:// sweat glands, salivary glands

98
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue characteristics

A 
Long
Cylindrical
Striated
Parallel & unbranched
Multinucleated
Voluntary control
99
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue function and location

A

Moving skeleton

Bones, some skin

100
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue characteristics

A 
Short
Striated
Typically branched
1-2 nuclei
Involuntary
101
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue function and location

A

Pumps blood through heart

Heart wall (myocardium)

102
Q

Smooth muscle tissue characteristics

A 
Nonstriated
Short
Fusiform
1 nucleus
Involuntary
103
Q

Smooth muscle tissue function and location

A

Propels materials though internal organs
controls size of lumen

Walls of hollow organs such as urinary bladder and blood vessels

104
Q

Functions of neurons

A

receive, send, and process nerve impulses

105
Q

Functions of glial cells

A

Protect, nourish, and support neurons

106
Q

Serous membrane definition and location

A

Lines body cavities that typically do not open to external environment

Pleura of the lungs

A&P I (16 decks)

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