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Module 1 Biology > Module 1: Ecology > Flashcards

Module 1: Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Method of Ruling Theory?

A
  • intellectual attachment to a “ruling theory”
  • starting with an explanation, then looking for the data to support pre-conceived ideas
  • giving the illusion of strength to a theory
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2
Q

What is the Method of Working Hypothesis?

A
  • not the ideal
  • they come up with a hypothesis and then a conclusion is made before looking at the data
  • intellectual attachment/interpretation that favors the hypothesis
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3
Q

The Method of Multiple Working Hypothesis

A
  • effort is distributed among various hypotheses (the researcher is not attached to a single group of data-less intellectual attachment)
  • allows for multiple factors to be a part of the explanation
  • promotes thoroughness in research
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4
Q

What is the difference between sequential and simultaneous causes?

A
  • sequential: happens in chronological order, with one state moving to another because of a certain factor
  • simultaneous: multiple factors move one state to another at the same time, some might have more of an impact than others
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5
Q

What are the limits of human studies?

A
  • bias in experiments causes a lot of problems
  • random assignment, stratified (age and severe risk for covid is consistent across all participants), observer-blind, placebo-controlled
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6
Q

What are the criteria for something to be considered living?

A
  1. cellular organization = all cells are surrounded by a membrane and have organization within that enclosure
  2. metabolism = cells are able to take in energy and process it and turn it into a form of usable energy
  3. homeostasis = cells are able to maintain internal conditions (ex. cooling/heating)
  4. growth and reproduction
  5. heredity = cells are able to pass on traits to the next generation
  6. response to stimuli = cells are able to respond to their environment
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7
Q

What is the correct Binomial Nomenclature?

A

genus (larger taxonomic group) THEN species (smaller, more related group that can interbreed)

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8
Q

biological species concept

A

groups of interbreeding natural population that are reproductively isolated from other groups

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9
Q

morphospecies concept

A

groups that are identified based on size shape or other morphological features

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10
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

groups are identified based on the evolutionary relationships that they have; a smallest diagnosable group contains descendants of a single common ancestor

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11
Q

biodiversity

A

the number, variety, and variability of living organisms in the biosphere

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12
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place

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13
Q

Community

A

all populations of different species living in the same place

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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

all populations of different species living in the same place

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15
Q

Biome

A

ecosystems that share major similarities

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

the global ecosystem (the largest classification

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17
Q

Ways to calculate population size and density

A
  • quadrat
  • mark and recapture
  • indirect methods (looking at things that the animal has left behind)
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18
Q

Quadrats

A
  • best for slow-moving or immobile organisms
  • count individuals within the borders
  • multiple quadrants are used for the most accurate estimate
  • based on a small area and then multiplied
  • assuming equal distribution may not be a good estimate
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19
Q

mark and recapture

A
  • animals with higher levels of mobility
  • capture a certain number of individuals within the population

(number marked first catch x total number of second catch)/number marked second catch = N

limits:
- too small
- harm to animals
- the animals that are captured = the most likely to be captured

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20
Q

clumped species distribution

A

nearest neighbors are nearer, on average, than a random dispersion pattern would predict
used for:
- safety
- social function
- resource distribution

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21
Q

random species distribution

A

nearest neighbors are as near as predicted if all individuals were randomly placed within the focal boundaries

used for:
- not common in animals
- most likely seen in wind-dispersed seeds

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22
Q

uniform species distribution

A

nearest neighbors are further away, on average, than a random dispersion pattern would predict

  • even spacing
  • nesting/territorial behavior
  • aggression based on distance
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23
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A
  • most likely to die of old age (low juvenile death)
  • large animals without predators
  • stable environments (no competition for resources

k-selection = parental investment in offspring

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24
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A
  • the probability of dying is the same at every age
  • straight, diagonal line
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25
Q

type III survivorship curve

A
  • very young have the greatest probability of during
  • produce many offspring
  • little to no care from parent
  • surviving into adulthood = surviving into old-age
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26
Q

Energy Budget

A

balancing energy intake with use of energy for metabolism

  • obtaining food for energy (dependant on the size of the organism)
  • growth (dependant on stage of life)
  • reproduction (dependant on strategy)
  • care of offspring
  • energy storage
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27
Q

Semelparity

A
  • species that reproduce once in a lifetime
  • usually the individual will die soon after the event
  • produce more offspring per event
  • all resources are devoted to the reproductive event
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28
Q

Iteroparity

A
  • species that reproduce repeatedly during their lifetime
  • lifetime offspring production repeat
  • longer care for offspring (if the species provides parental care)
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29
Q

demographic model

A
  • low adult survival rates favor withholding resources for future reproduction
  • if we have a species that is only reproducing once = high die-off rates
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30
Q

bet-hedging

A
  • variable adult survival favors multiple reproductive events
  • various chances for the species as a whole to reproduce
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31
Q

The Lack Clutch

A
  • David Lack (1947)
  • birds should optimize the number of their offspring by optimizing their number of surviving offspring
  • too many offspring = parents unable to take care of the offspring, some will die
  • too few offspring = fewer than can be taken care of, lower total number of offspring
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32
Q

K-Selected Species

A
  • fewer offspring = more parental support
  • selected by stable, predictable environments
  • close to carrying capacity

Characteristics:
- mature late
- greater longevity
- increased parental care
- increased competition
- fewer offspring
- larger offspring

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33
Q

R-Selected species

A
  • unpredictable or changing environments
  • live below carrying capacity

Characteristics:
- mature early
- lower longevity
- decreased parental care
- decreased competition
- more offspring
- smaller offspring

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34
Q

density-dependent factors

A
  • food availability
  • availability of nesting sites/space
  • aggression
  • stress due to overcrowding
  • predators
  • diseases
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35
Q

positive density-dependent factors

A
  • species growth rate benefits from increasing densities
    Example:
  • obligate parasites
  • wildebeest use it for herd protection
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36
Q

negative density-dependent factors

A
  • population growth is negatively impacted
    Examples:
  • crowding
  • predators
  • competition
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37
Q

density-independent factors

A
  • the effect is not based on the number of individuals in a population
    examples:
  • weather (natural disasters like a forest fire)
  • random disturbances
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38
Q

What caused the extinction of the Wolly Mammoth?

A
  • climate change (warming at the end of the last ice age)
  • human hunting
  • other environmental changes (lack of water or food)
  • low genetic diversity
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39
Q

What influences the change in the total fertility rate?

A
  • early marriage/age at birth of a first child
  • education
  • voluntary family planning (availability of birth control)
  • government policies
40
Q

Changes in the death rate

A

declined from 1.95% to 0.85%

41
Q

life expectancy

A
  • increased from 55.43 (1968) to 72.57 (2018)
  • improvements in the production of food and distribution
  • cleaner water
  • advances in medicine and health care
42
Q

Covid Trend

A

decline in birth rate - gradual increase - “baby boom”

43
Q

biotic potential

A

the maximum growth rate that a population can achieve in an unlimited environment

44
Q

environmental resistance

A

difference between biotic potential and the actual rate of increase

45
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support

46
Q

defense mechanisms

A
  • physical: camouflage-coloration and body shape
  • behavioral: playing dead, schooling/flocking
  • mechanical: thorns, shells
  • chemical: toxicity
47
Q

aposematic coloration

A
  • warning coloration
  • usually very bright or easy to see
  • warns of unpleasant taste or toxicity
48
Q

Batesian mimicry

A
  • a harmless species imitates a harmful one by mimicking their warning coloration
  • benefit for the species that does not produce the toxin without the cost of energy expenditure
49
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A
  • multiple species share the same warning coloration
  • all have defenses
50
Q

emsleyan/mertensian mimicry

A
  • deadly organism mimics a less dangerous one
  • extremely rare
51
Q

niche

A

the way that an organism occupies an area and used the resources therein (space, water, temperature, and mating)

52
Q

fundamental niche

A

entire niche that the species is capable of using

53
Q

realized niche

A

actual niche that the species occupies

54
Q

principle of competitive exclusion

A
  • no 2 species can exist in the same niche if that niche has limited resources
55
Q

symbiosis

A

close interaction between individuals of different species

56
Q

commensalism

A
  • a type of symbiosis
  • one species benefits
  • other neither benefits or is harmed
57
Q

mutualism

A
  • a type of symbiosis
  • two species benefit from the interaction
58
Q

parasitism

A
  • a type of symbiosis
  • organism that lives in or on another living organism and derives nutrients from it
  • host is harmed
59
Q

amensalism

A
  • a type of symbiosis
  • one species is harmed
  • other species neither benefits or is harmed
60
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has a much greater impact on the distribution and abundance of the surrounding species than its abundance and total biomass would suggest

61
Q

foundation species

A

a species that has a strong role in structuring the community (often primary producers)

62
Q

top-down influence

A
  • top predators
  • an important role in the trophic cascade
63
Q

bottom-up influence

A

the presence of a species at the bottom of the food web that has a major effect on the community structure.

64
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A
  • moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance
65
Q

primary succession

A

where no soil exists when succession begins (eruption of volcanoes)

66
Q

secondary succession

A

begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance (forest cleared by a wild fire)

67
Q

pioneer species

A

annual plants grow and are succeeded by grasses and perennials (the earliest species)

68
Q

intermediate species

A

shrubs, then pines, and young oak and hickory begin to grow

69
Q

climax community

A
  • mature
  • establishing themselves
70
Q

facilitation

A
  • prepare the ecosystem for later species
  • early arrivals to the community facilitate the appearance of later species
  • change the environment to make it more favorable
71
Q

inhibition

A
  • physically blocking/changing the environment to make it inhospitable
72
Q

toleration

A
  • species tolerate the current conditions but don’t have an impact on the establishment of later species
73
Q

how do we distinguish between innate and learned behaviors?

A
  • observation
74
Q

benefits of innate behaviors

A
  • no risk for mistakes (come by environmental ques)
  • hard-wired into the system (if an animal is able to do the behavior, it will always be the same)
  • genetically programmed
75
Q

benefits to learned behavior

A
  • more flexible and dynamic
  • can change and adjust based on the conditions
  • also can change by the individual
76
Q

reflex action

A
  • involuntary, rapid stimulus
  • animals with learned behavior can also have innate behaviors
77
Q

kinesis

A
  • undirected movement in response to stimulus
  • random, non-directional
78
Q

orthokinesis

A

increased or decreased speed in response to a stimuli (random movement gives less time in an unfavorable environment)

79
Q

klinokinesis

A

-increased turning behavior
- randomly find a more hospitable environment

80
Q

taxis

A

directed movement towards or away from a stimulus

81
Q

phototaxis

A

movement towards or away from light

82
Q

chemotaxis

A

moving towards are away from chemical signals

83
Q

geotaxis

A

gravity (moving towards or away from)

84
Q

fixed action pattern

A
  • movement continues even after the stimulus is removed
  • the fish experiment (the red belly is the stimulus that elcits the aggressive behavior of the fish)
85
Q

migration

A
  • long-range seasonal movement of animals
  • evolved, adapted response to resource availability
86
Q

obligate migration

A

species always migrates

87
Q

facultative migration

A

species chooses whether to migrate or not

88
Q

incomplete migration

A

same individuals in the population migrate while others do not

89
Q

foraging

A
  • searching for and exploiting a food resource
  • optimal foraging behaviors maximize fain while minimizing energy expenditure
  • favored by natural selection
90
Q

imprinting

A
  • occurs at a particular age or stage of life
  • rapid and independent of species
91
Q

habituation

A

animal stops responding to a stimulus after a period of repeated exposure (the stimulus offers no important information)

92
Q

selfish behavior

A
  • only one animal benefits
  • makes evolutionary sense
93
Q

altruistic behavior

A
  • one animal’s actions benefit the other
  • doesn’t make evolutionary sense
94
Q

the selfish gene theory

A
  • individual sacrifices may exist if the benefit goes to related individuals that share the same genome
  • genes that are not selfish will disappear (be selected against)
  • selfish behavior (genetically speaking) will be favored by natural selection
95
Q

cooperative behavior

A
  • both animals benefit
  • makes sense evolutionarily
96
Q

kin selection

A
  • the lowering of individual fitness enhances the reproductive fitness of a relative
  • protects shared genes (a bee protecting the hive)
97
Q

reciprocal altruism

A
  • the expectation of a return of altruism from the individual
  • individuals in the group must repeatedly encounter each other (social interaction is a must)
  • cheaters must be punished by a certain mechanism (fairness in animals)

Module 1 Biology (3 decks)

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