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Pathophysiology > Module 1 - Diabetes and Ketoacidosis > Flashcards

Module 1 - Diabetes and Ketoacidosis Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A classification of diseases where the body does not produce or use insulin properly. There are two primary forms. Type 1 is a lack of insulin production. Type 2 is a lack of response to insulin at the insulin receptor or at the insulin-regulated glucose transporter.

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2
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

A lack of insulin production.

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3
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

A lack of response to insulin at the insulin receptor or at the insulin-regulated glucose transporter.

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4
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen

A

The Major Histocompatibility Complex [MHC] that is present on the surface of the cell membrane. It serves as a fingerprint for self cells.

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5
Q

T-Helper Cell

A

The leukocyte (white blood cell) that identifies self cells versus nonself cells. It helps the immune system to initiate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated destruction of non-self cells.

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6
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cell

A

The leukocyte (white blood cell) that can destroy nonself cells by using the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) to cause cell lysis.

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7
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

A.k.a. “terminal complement complex (TCC)”. It is a complex of proteins formed on the membrane of a pathogen cell as a result of the activation of the host’s cell-mediated immune system. Its job is to destroy pathogen cells by disrupting the integrity of their cell membrane.

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8
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

A grouping of cells that serve an endocrine function within the pancreas. These cells help regulate glucose levels by producing insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells

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9
Q

Pancreatic Alpha Cells

A

The glucagon producing cells in the pancreas that are part of the Islets of Langerhans

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10
Q

Pancreatic Beta Cells

A

The insulin producing cells in the pancreas that are part of the Islets of Langerhans.

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11
Q

Pancreatic Delta Cells

A

Cells withing the islets of langerhans that produce somatostatin, which inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as insulin and glucagon. It also regulates the GI system by decreasing motility of the duodenum.

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12
Q

B-Plasma Cells

A

The leukocyte that produces antibodies in the form of proteins called Immunoglobulin-G (IgM). It is important to the antibody-mediated destruction of pathogen cells. These are the more immature form of B-Cells that are followed by B-memory cells

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13
Q

B-Memory Cells

A

The leukocyte that produces antibodies in the form of proteins called Immunoglobulin-G (IgG). It is important to the antibody-mediated destruction of pathogen cells. These are the more mature form of B-Cells that are preceded by B-plasma cells

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14
Q

Immunoglobulin M

A

Initial antibodies produced by the antibody-mediated immune response. They are the product of B-plasma cells

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15
Q

Immunoglobulin G

A

Later antibodies produced by the antibody-mediated immune response. They are the product of B-memory cells

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16
Q

Macrophage

A

A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection. In the antibody-mediated immune response, it is the cell responsible for destroying pathogen cells that have been bound with immunoglobulin proteins

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17
Q

Antibody Mediated Immunity

A

One of two immune responses, which uses B-cells and macrophages to rid the body of pathogen cells

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18
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A

One of two immune responses, which uses Cytotoxic T-cells to rid the body of pathogen cells

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19
Q

Idiopathic Disease

A

Term used for when a disease has no identifiable cause

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20
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

Term used for when a disease is caused by a medical procedure or treatment

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21
Q

Secondary Disease

A

Term used for when a disease is caused by another illness or disease process

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22
Q

Insulin-regulated Glucose Transporter

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows glucose into a cell. It is activated by a cascade of events that begins when insulin binds to an insulin receptor protein

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23
Q

Insulin Receptor Protein

A

The receptor protein that binds to insulin and initiates a series of reactions that results in the influx of glucose through an insulin-regulated glucose transporter

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24
Q

Particle Induced Diuresis

A

A.k.a. “Osmotic Diuresis’’. A process in which the osmotic pressure caused by too many particles in the blood serum causes diuresis or urine production. In diabetes, glucose is the cause of this increase in osmotic pressure.

25
Q

Polydipsia

A

An insatiable thirst. In diabetes, this thirst is caused by Particle Induced Diuresis.

26
Q

Polyphagia

A

An insatiable hunger. In diabetes, this hunger is caused by the inability for cells to move glucose from the blood serum into the cells.

27
Q

Polyuria

A

An insatiable need to urinate. In diabetes, this need is caused by Particle Induced Diuresis.

28
Q

Diabetic Microvascular Changes

A

Changes in small blood vessels that cause them to become leaky and weak.

29
Q

Diabetic Neuropathy

A

A result of microvascular changes, particularly affecting peripheral nerves. These changes cause loss of sensation in the feet and lower extremities

30
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

A result of microvascular changes, particularly affecting the retina or the eye. These changes cause blurred vision

31
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy

A

A result of microvascular changes, particularly affecting the kidneys. These changes cause decreased effectiveness of the Glomerulus and the Loops of Henle.

32
Q

Diabetic Wound Healing

A

A result of microvascular changes and excess serum glucose that cause decreased ability to heal and increased risk of infection.

33
Q

Subclinical Symptoms

A

Symptoms with no recognizable clinical findings.They are distinct from a clinical disease, which has signs and symptoms that can be recognized. Many diseases, including diabetes, hypothyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis, are frequently subclinical before they surface as clinical diseases

34
Q

Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C)

A

A form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to sugar. Unlike serum glucose testing, glycated hemoglobin testing can detect elevated glucose levels over 2-3months. A test that should be considered negative is one where the result is less than 6.5%.

35
Q

Glucose Tolerance Test

A

A test where an individual has their serum glucose tested before drinking a prescribed glucose syrup, then again at 2 hours after drinking the substance. A test that should be considered negative is one where the result is less than 140mg/dL after 2 hours.

36
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

A serum glucose test that is obtained after the individual has been fasting for a prescribed time, usually overnight. A suspected positive is one that is 125mg/DL or greater. This suspected positive should be followed up with either a Hemoglobin A1C or a Glucose Tolerance Test.

37
Q

Random Blood Glucose

A

A serum glucose test that is obtained regardless of the timing of the individual’s last meal. A suspected positive is one that is 140mg/DL or greater. This suspected positive should be followed up with either a Hemoglobin A1C or a Glucose Tolerance Test.

38
Q

Exogenous Insulin

A

Insulin produced outside of the individual’s body

39
Q

Endogenous Insulin

A

Insulin produced inside of the individual’s body

40
Q

In addition to exogenous insulin, what other treatments are common for diabetes?

A

Diet and exercise, Oral medications (ex. metformin), non-insulin injections (ex. Ozempic)

41
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

A life threatening problem that occurs when diabetics break down fats for fuel instead of carbohydrates.

42
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

The acidic byproduct of fat metabolism that must be processed by the liver and filtered through the kidneys.

43
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the cytosol of a cell. The byproducts of which are primarily water and carbon dioxide.

44
Q

Pyruvic Acid

A

The chemical result that is formed when breaking down caloric sources for cellular respiration. This chemical is further broken down for use in the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.

45
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

The chemical process that occurs in mitochondria, where Acetyl CoA is turned into energy in the form of ATP. A byproduct of this chemical process also produces Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), which is used in the Electron Transport Chain to make more ATP.

46
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

The chemical process that occurs in mitochondria. This process turns Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) into energy in the form of ATP.

47
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The combined processes of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.

48
Q

What is the main byproduct of glucose metabolism when used for cellular respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

49
Q

What is the main byproduct of protein metabolism when used for cellular respiration?

A

Ammonia (+ CO2 and Water)

50
Q

What is the main byproduct of fat metabolism when used for cellular respiration?

A

Ketone Bodies (+ CO2 and Water)

51
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

A serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body’s acid-base balance. In diabetes, this imbalance is a result of rapid fat metabolism that causes the production of ketone bodies.

52
Q

Kussmaul Breathing

A

Deep, rapid breathing that occurs when the body attempts to rid itself of acid in the form of CO2, which becomes carbonic acid when dissolved in aqueous solutions like blood serum.

53
Q

Ketotic Breath

A

Fruity smelling breath that occurs when ketone bodies build up in the blood serum. This smells slightly of nailpolish remover or acetone.

54
Q

Ketone Body Testing

A

Testing for ketones in urine or blood

55
Q

Arterial Blood Gas

A

Testing of serum for pH, CO2, and bicarb

56
Q

Basic Metabolic Panel

(A.k.a. Chem-7)

A

Testing of serum pH for 7 different electrolytes including:

sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3−) or CO2, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glucose

57
Q

Bicarbonate Fluids

A

Alkaline fluids that are used to correct pH levels when the blood serum becomes too acidic.

58
Q

Renal Dialysis

A

A process of removing the blood from the body, filtering through a machine, and replacing it with cleaned blood. This process helps the kidneys remove waste products from the body.

Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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