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Cultural Psychology > Module 1: Cultural Transmission & Enculturation: Family & Peers > Flashcards

Module 1: Cultural Transmission & Enculturation: Family & Peers Flashcards

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1
Q

How does vertical transmission of culture occur?

A

Occurs between a member of one generation and a member of the following generation
Biological relationship between the two sides is not necessary since an adopted child may be equally receptive
The extent of parental influence - whether child belongs biologically or by adoption - is usually great
Very conservative and, because of its conservative nature, transmission over several generations can maintain important cultural features over long periods of time

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2
Q

What are the two categories that show the greatest role played by parents (vertical cultural transmission)

A

Religion and Politics

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3
Q

How is religion vertically transmitted?

A

Children resemble especially their mother to a remarkable degree in choice of religion
A child’s religion is almost always chosen by their parents at an age when the child cannot express their own preferences
Conversions do occur, but only rarely, and later in life
Father appears to exercise influence only in the regularity with which a religion is practices, which is a social rather than spiritual decision - and even in this case, the mother’s influence is as great as the father’s

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4
Q

How is politics vertically transmitted?

A

Both parents appear to contribute equally to a child’s political outlook

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5
Q

How does horizontal transmission of culture occur?

A

It occurs between individuals of the same or different generations who do not have the clear-cut biological or social relationship recognizable in vertical transmission.
Usually requires prolonged contact between individuals

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6
Q

What is oblique transmission of culture?

A

When the transmitter belongs to an older generation than the receiver but is not the parent; it insures that information passes from one generation to the another.

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7
Q

What are the types of cultural transmission?

A

One transmitter and a single receiver
A single transmitter and several receivers
Several transmitters and a single receiver

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8
Q

What are the aspects of One transmitter and a single receiver?

A

In more egalitarian society of hunter-gatherers

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9
Q

What are the aspects of A single transmitter and several receivers?

A

Arises when social structure became more complex and when the size of social groups increased - society becomes gratified into social classes within a hierarchy.

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10
Q

What is the speed of innovation adoption for A single transmitter and several receivers?

A

Maximal - decision of an authoritarian political chief or a well-respected/qualified teacher will be accepted almost immediately by their subjects/students
The hierarchical structure of society can help a transition proceed, starting with the upper echelons of power and descending to the lower ones
Speed and efficiency of transmission from one to many is reaching its theoretical limit in modern media - information about important events can be communicated simultaneously to a billion or more people

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11
Q

What are the aspects of Several transmitters and a single receiver?

A

In a social group, several members (and sometimes all) often exert psychological pressure on new members
Each latecomer can thus find themselves the object of strong pressure from many sides
“Social pressure” can even occur in small groups, like nuclear families; in fact the family is the most important social group that exercises considerable pressure over its members - particularly the youngest ones who do not have the critical judgement or ability to resist
Most conservative mechanism of all - suppresses individual variation and homogenizes a social group; innovation has a very small chance of success

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12
Q

What is socialization?

A

The individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values and behaviours
Process an mechanism

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13
Q

What is enculteration?

A

Products of socialization

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14
Q

What are the 5 sections of Brofenbrenner’s model?

A 
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem 
Chronosystem
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15
Q

What is the Microsystem?

A

Immediate surroundings (eg. Family, school, peer group)

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16
Q

What is the Mesosystem?

A

Linkages between Microsystems (eg. Between school and family)

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17
Q

What is the Exosystem?

A

Context that indirectly affects children (eg. Parents workplace)

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18
Q

What is the Macrosystem?

A

Culture, religion, society

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19
Q

What is the Chronosystem?

A

Influence of time on the other systems (eg. The effect of parental divorce is different fro teenage children than younger ones)

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20
Q

What are the parenting goals of Gusii mothers of Kenya?

A

Protection of infants
Soothing behaviours
Keeping infants in close proximity at all times

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21
Q

What are the parenting goals of American mothers?

A

Active engagement and social exchange
Stimuli
Conversation “baby talk”

22
Q

What are parental ethnotheories?

A

Parental Cultural belief systems (eg. American parents: special time with children, Dutch parents: family time)

23
Q

What is the developmental timetable of parents for America vs. Japanese mothers?

A

American mothers: early expectation of children’s assertiveness
Japanese mothers: early expectation of children’s ability to control emotions and express courtesy

24
Q

What is the developmental timetable of parents for Non-industrialized vs. Industrialized societies?

A

Non-industrialized societies: children expected to learn “on their own”
Industrialized societies: explicit expectations about what, with whom, when, and how children should learn

25
Q

What are the four patterns of parenting?

A

Authoritative (responsive/demanding)
Authoritarian (unresponsive/demanding)
Permissive (responsive/undemanding)
Uninvolved (responsive/undemanding)

26
Q

What are the aspects of authoritarian (totalitarian) parenting?

A

Expect unquestioned obedience
View children as needing to be controlled
Low on warmth and responsiveness

27
Q

What are the aspects of permissive (indulgent) parenting?

A

Warm and nurturing

Allow children to regulate own lives and provide few guidance

28
Q

What are the aspects of uninvolved (neglectful) parenting?

A

Too absorbed in own lives to respond appropriately to their children
Indifferent, not committed to caregiving beyond minimum effort

29
Q

What is one of the main causes for aiuthoritarian style parenting?

A 
Collectivism - strict demands, behavioural control, and sanctions 
Political authoritarianism
Lack of education
Social instability
Educational traditions
30
Q

What are the parenting styles in popular culture?

A

Tiger Mom
Soccer/Hockey Mom
Helicopter Mom
Hippie Mom

31
Q

What are the aspects of the Tiger Mom?

A

Tough disciplinary parent
Schoolwork always comes first
An A-minus is a bad grade
Your children must be two years ahead of their classmates in math
You must never compliment your children in public
If your child never disagrees with a teacher or coach, you must always take the side of the teacher or coach
The only activities that your children should be permitted to do are those in which they can eventually win a medal
That medal must be gold

32
Q

What are the aspects of the Soccer/Hockey Mom?

A 
Over scheduling sub-urban middle-class parent
Busy, over-burdened, putting interests if children ahead of their own
33
Q

What are the aspects of the Helicopter Mom?

A

Overinvolvement/Overparenting

In Japan: Kyoiku mama (education mom)

34
Q

What are the aspects of the Hippie Mom?

A

Relaxed and laissez-faire

35
Q

What are the three categories of temperament?

A

Easy temperament
Difficult temperament
Slow-to-warm-up temperament

36
Q

What are the aspects of the easy temperament?

A

Regular, adaptable, mildly intense style of behaviour

Positive and responsive

37
Q

What are the aspects of the difficult temperament?

A

Intense, irregular, withdrawing style

Negative moods

38
Q

What are the aspects of the slow-to-warm-up temperament?

A

Need time to make transitions in activity and experiences

May withdraw initially or respond negatively, but if you give them time and support they will adapt and react positively

39
Q

What is the neonatal behaviour of East Asian & Native American infants compared to European & African American infants?

A

East Asian and Native American infants are calmer and more placid. They are less active, irritable, and vocal.

40
Q

How do differences in infant temperament make it easier for parents of different cultures to engage in parenting styles and behaviours that teach and reinforce their particular cultural practices?

A

The temperament of the child can help teach these values. For example, in Japan, non-reactivity (related to not expressing emotionality), is more valued than in Western cultures

41
Q

What is attachement?

A

The special bond between the infant and the primary caregiver

42
Q

What are the two attachement patterns found in strange situations?

A

Securely attached

Insecurely attached

43
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Insecurely attached?

A 
Ambivalent (anxious)
Avoidant (resistant)
Disorganized attachement (mixture of avoidant and resistant)
44
Q

What are the aspects of the securely attached?

A

Not threatened by strangers in presence of parent
Become distressed when mother leaves them (separation anxiety)
Easily comforted by her when she returns

45
Q

What are the aspects of the ambivalent?

A

Experience distress when mother leaves
When she returns, they send mixed signals (want to be comforted by her but appear to have a difficult time letting her soothe them)

46
Q

What are the aspects of the avoidant?

A

Do not seem to be distressed when mother leaves

When she returns they avoid reuniting with her but focus attention elsewhere

47
Q

What are the aspects of the disorganized attachement?

A

No organized way of dealing with distress
Cries when crawling hunting mother’s lap, but looks away from her
Screams at door when mother is gone, but runs away when she comes back
Seems dazed, confused, and apprehensive

48
Q

What are postfigurative cultures?

A

They are found in pre-industrial societies
Culture change is slow
Socialization occurs by elders transferring knowledge to children

49
Q

What are prefigurative cultures?

A

They are found in post-industrial societies
Very rapid cultural change
Young people may be the ones to teach adults
Knowledge that adults hold are not sufficient for the next generation

50
Q

What are configurative cultures?

A

They are found in industrializing societies
Rapid cultural change
Adults continue to socialize children
Peers play a greater role in socializing each other

Cultural Psychology (9 decks)

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