Module 1 Circulation Flashcards
Complete the following sentences:
Blood enters the heart from the body, it is………….
Blood is then pumped to the lungs to pick up some……..
Blood is now…………….and travels back to the heart
Blood is then pumped around the body so every cell can gets its vital……so that every cell can carry out the process of………
Deoxygenated Oxygen Oxygenated Oxygen Respiration
The blood flowing through the right side of the heart and going to the lungs is called what
The pulmonary circulation
The blood flowing through the left side of the heart and going round the rest of the body is called what
Systemic circulation
Which blood vessel carries food to the liver for storage
Hepatic portal vein
Which blood vessel carries blood rich in oxygen away from the lungs
Pulmonary vein
Which blood vessel carries blood back to the heart
Vena cava
Which blood vessel carries blood to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
Which blood vessel carries blood rich in oxygen away from the heart
Aorta
Which blood vessel carries blood to the kidneys
Renal artery
What does the heart do
Pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and also pumps blood containing sugar and oxygen to every cell in the body so they can carry out respiration
What keeps the blood flowing in one direction through the heart
A system of one way valves, for example if the valve is open, blood flows towards the heart and if the valve is closed blood cannot flow away from the heart
Explain why the walls of the ventricles are thicker than the atria
To allow/cope with high pressure. This is because blood must be pumped up from the ventricles to the rest of the body and it needs enough force to do so.
Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle
Because the left ventricle has to pump blood all around the body where as the right ventricle only has to pump to the lungs
What happens to your heart when you get excited or exercise and explain why
Your heart beats faster, this is because the muscles need more sugar and oxygen to work for respiration. However, the fitter you are the lower your resting heart rate is and the faster it returns to normal after exercising
When taking your pulse, what causes the actual pulse
The pressure of blood pumped from the heart, going through your arteries
What is a red blood cells function
To transport oxygen
What is a white blood cells function
Protect against infection/disease
What is the function of platelets
They help blood clot
Other than these 3 types of cell, what makes up blood
Plasma
Matching exercise in formal homework:
Plasma —->
The liquid portion of the blood
Matching exercise in formal homework:
Capillaries —>
Narrow blood tubes
Matching exercise in formal homework:
Red blood cells —->
Contain haemoglobin
Matching exercise in formal homework:
White blood cells —–>
Fight against disease occurring
Matching exercise in formal homework: antibodies —->
Can be produced by a certain type of blood cell
Matching exercise in formal homework:
Platelets —–>
Help the blood to clot and so prevent invaders
Matching exercise in formal homework:
Heart —->
The body’s blood pump
Why do veins have valves
To keep blood flowing in one direction
Why do veins have a thin muscle (muscular) layer
As pressure is less in vein
Why do capillaries have a single layer of cells
So they can allow substances to leak through and exchange (food and oxygen for example) at body cells
Why do arteries have a thick muscle layer
To withstand the high pressure as blood is pumped through them to all parts of the body
What is blood pumped by
The heart
The heart contains how many chambers
4
What are the upper chambers of the heart called
Atria
What are the lower chambers of the heart called
Ventricles
Blood pumped out of the right side of the heart goes to where to pick up what
Goes to the lungs where it picks up oxygen
After the blood picks up oxygen in the lungs where is it pumped back to and what is it called
It’s pumped back to the left side of the heart and thus is called the pulmonary circulation
The left side of the heart pumps blood to where and what is this called
It pumps blood to the rest of the body, this is called the systemic circulation
Explain the flow of blood from a leg muscle to the heart and lungs and back to the muscle again, worth 8 marks
Deoxygenated blood starts at leg —> vena cava —> into the right atrium —> through valves to the right ventricle —> travels to lungs via the pulmonary artery —> picks up oxygen —> travels back to heart via pulmonary vein —> enters left atrium —> through valves —> left ventricle —> travels through the aorta —> back to leg
How can exercise reduce stress
Because there’s an increased sense of well-being. It also stimulates the release of brain chemicals similar to morphine which might make people feel high
If a man who has been resting starts doing some strenuous exercises, what is the effect on the rate at which his heart beats
It increases dramatically (nearly doubles)
Does a fit or unfit person have a higher heartbeat rate on average
Unfit
A fit heart pumps a larger volume of blood with each ‘beat’ than an unfit heart. Can you suggest why it is an advantage to be fit
As the body gets the oxygen and glucose quicker than an unfit person would, meaning respiration can take place quicker and also you can pump more blood in 1 beat, meaning the heart won’t get tired as it has to pump less
What effect does exercise sometimes have on blood pressure and why is it important
Exercise may prevent high blood pressure and people with lower blood pressure have less risk of having a heart attack
A middle aged man who was overweight was not only put on a diet by his doctor, but was also told to do regular exercise, why?
As exercise causes loss of body fat, as it increases the rate at which the body uses food. Also if you can regularly exercise, you have a smaller chance of suffering from high blood pressure, obesity and heart disease
What effect does exercise have on the coronary arteries and why is it important
The coronary arteries become wider and the build up of fatty deposits is less likely. This is important as it reduces the risk of heart disease and gentle exercise may also help the growth of new blood vessels after a heart attack
List as many things you can think of that can lead to heart disease
Eating lots of fatty foods, smoking, little to no exercise and stressful lifestyle
How do you think you can help avoid heart disease
Cut down on fried food - grill, boil or steam instead
Eat less red meat - cut the fat off the meat when you eat it
Eat less dairy foods - eggs, cream, milk, butter etc
Eat more poultry and fish
Eat more fruit and veg
Don’t smoke
Relax
What does double circulation mean
That the blood travels through the heart twice to go around the body once
Where do arteries take blood
Away from the heart
How many types of blood vessel are there
3
Where do veins take blood
Back into the heart
Give a brief discretion of capillaries (part of super summary)
Allow food and oxygen to move into the tissues where it is needed and carbon dioxide to move back into the blood
What is blood made up of I
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
A bad diet (too much fat, salt etc), stress and lack of exercise can increase the risk of what
a heart attack
Our circulatory systems are responsible for the transport of what
Many substances around the body
What are the substances that the circulatory system transport around the body
Oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body
carbon dioxide from cells in body back to lungs
waste (urea) from liver to kidney
digested food, eg glucose, amino acids from small intestine to every cell in body
heat from liver and muscles to every cell in body
hormones to communicate between cells in the body
What is the double circulation
When blood travels from the right side of the heart, to the lungs and then returns to the left side of the heart before it is pumped rest of the body. It then returns to the right side of the heart
Why is the double circulation, called the double circulation
because blood travels through the heart twice with each complete circuit of the body
Explain the double circulation (in steps)
- Blood enters the heart. It is deoxygenated.
- Blood is then pumped to the lungs to pick up some oxygen.
- Blood is now oxygenated and travels back to the heart.
- Blood is then pumped around the body so every cell gets its vital oxygen so that every cell can carry out the process of respiration.
The blood flowing through the right side of the heart and going to the lungs, is called what
Pulmonary circulation
The blood flowing trough the left side of the heart and going round the rest of the body is called what
Systemic circulation
What is the heart
A muscular pump that consists of 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the atria and the lower chambers are called the ventricles
The muscle of the heart is very special, but why
As it has its own rhythm set by the pacemaker
The heart has its own what and carried by what
Blood supply, carried by the coronary artery and vein
If the coronary artery becomes blocked what may happen
This may lead to a heart attack
What is blood carried in
In continuous tubes of different sizes to every part of the body and back again to the heart
What happens in each organ
Sugar and oxygen move into the cells and carbon dioxide moves back into the blood
The direction of flow is kept up by what
The pumping of the heart
Tell me about arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries have strong thick muscular walls to withstand the high pressure as blood is pumped through them to all parts of the body.
Tell me about veins
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Veins do not have as thick walls as the blood pressure is much lower in them.
Veins have valves to help keep the blood flowing in one direction back to the heart
Tell me about capillaries
Capillaries allow substances to exchange at body cells e.g. food and oxygen.
Capillaries have very thin walls to allow these substances to leak through.
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force of blood exerted on the walls of arteries
Where on your body can you take a pulse
On your wrist and on other points where arteries lie near the surface of the body
What is the normal range for blood pressure
100-139 for systolic
80-89 for diastolic
When is your blood pressure lowest
When you are resting
What can raise your blood pressure temporarily
Types of stress like exercise, fear, stress, excitement and sudden cold
What are some treatments for high blood pressure
Getting regular exercise, low sodium, low fat diets, stress reduction and medication
What is blood:
Blood looks like a red liquid, but if you were to leave some blood to settle in a test tube you would see that a red material settles on the bottom of the tube, leaving a yellowish liquid above it
In a single drop of blood how many red and white blood cells are there
About 5 million red blood cells and several thousand white blood cells
Tell me about red blood cells
Are very small and have no nucleus.
Are biconcave in shape, giving a large surface area: volume ratio
Contain an iron pigment called haemoglobin which can pick up oxygen.
When oxygen combines with haemoglobin it forms oxyhaemoglobin which is bright red. When oxygen is released to the tissues it turns purple/red
When oxygen combines with haemoglobin it forms what
Oxyhaemoglobin, which is bright red and when oxygen is released to the tissues it turns purple/red
Tell me about white blood cells
Are slightly larger than red blood cells
Are concerned with protecting the body
They are able to detect bacteria and then destroy them before they harm the body
Phagocytosis is when they engulf the bacteria to destroy them
Produce antibodies.
White blood cells produce antibodies, but what actually are antibodies
These protect us from infection. They work by making the bacteria cells stick together so that it is easier to kill them and some others release toxins which neutralize the poison released by the bacteria
Tell me about platelets
Are tiny cell fragments
Are carried around in the blood and usually do nothing
If the blood is exposed to the air in a cut the platelets help to form a network of fibres at the cut, called a clot.
This prevents blood being lost from the cut and stops bacteria and dirt getting in.
The clot hardens to a scab. This keeps the wound clean while new skin grows
When you exercise what happens to your heart beat
It increases
If you are unfit will it take more or less time for your heart rate to go back to normal after exercising
Much more time if you are unfit
The fitter you are the better….
Your heart and blood vessels circulate blood
To keep the blood pumping, what does the heart need
Oxygen and food
Where does the heart get its food and oxygen
It gets them from its own blood supply, carried in the coronary arteries
What happens if your coronary arteries get blocked
It results in heart disease
What can block arteries, causing the blood flow to stop
Cholesterol or a clot
What is the blockage in the coronary arteries caused by cholesterol or a clot called
Thrombosis
What is a heart attack caused by
A blockage in the coronary arteries
What is a stroke caused by
By a blockage in the blood vessels leading to the brain
What are the two arteries in the heart
Pulmonary artery and aorta
What are the 2 veins in the heart
Pulmonary vein and vena cava
State where arteries, capillaries and veins carry blood
Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries - carry blood through organs and tissues
Veins - carry blood towards the heart
State whether blood is at high or low pressure in arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries - blood at high pressure
Capillaries - blood at low pressure
Veins - blood at very low pressure
State whether arteries, capillaries and veins have valves or not
Arteries - no valves
Capillaries - no valves
Veins - valves to stop blood flowing back
Give a description of the walls (thin or thick) in arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries - thick muscular walls
Capillaries - very thin walls
Veins - thinner walls with less muscle
State whether there is a pulse in arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries - pulse created by heart pumping and contraction of heart muscle
Capillaries - no pulse
Veins - no pulse
State whether the walls are strong or weak in arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries - strong walls
Capillaries - delicate and easily broken
Veins - flexible walls and squashed easily so blood pushed further along vessel
