Module 1 (Chpt 1,2,4&7) Flashcards
What is forensic science?
the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
Who is considered the father of toxicology? How did he become it?
Mathieu Orfila, he devised the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals.
Who is the father of criminal ID? How did he become it?
Alphonse Bertillon, he created the Bertillon system which takes accurate measurements of body parts (Anthropometry).
Who was responsible for developing a methodology of classifying finerprints?
Francis Henry Galton
Who wrote the first treatise on the application of scientific disciplines to the field of CI?
Hans Gross
Who devised a procedure to to determine the blood group of dried blood?
Leone Lattes
Who developed the fundamental principles of document examination?
Albert Osborn
What is Locard’s exchange principle?
When two objects come in to contact, materials are exchanged between them.
Who incorporated Gross’s principles into a workable crime lab?
Edmond Locard
Who what the leading microscopist during his time?
Walter McCrone
Who redefined techniques of firearms examination?
Colonel Calvin Goddard
Who developed the first DNA profiling test in 1984?
Sir Alec Jefferys
Who created the oldest forensic lab in the US?
August Vollmer (Los Angeles)
What are the five basic services provided by crime labs?
physical science
biology
firearms
document exam
photography
What are the optional services provided by crime labs?
toxicology
latent fingerprint
polygraph
voiceprint analysis
Crime-Scene Investigation
What was the court ruling in Frye v. US?
In order for evidence to be admitted during trial, the procedure/technique or principles must be generally accepted by a meaningful segment of the relevant scientific community.
What was the landmark ruling of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmeceuticals?
The Frye standard was not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence. Gives the judge the power to determine admissibility based on the scientific evidence presented.
What supreme court case required the forensic scientist to appear in court in-lieu of using an affidavit?
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
What levels of government do crime labs exist under in the US?
municipal, county, state and federal
Britain has a crime lab system characterized by a national system of what type of labs?
regional labs
What are the four federal agencies offering forensic services?
- FBI
- DEA
- Bureau of Alcohol, tobacco, firearms & explosives
- US Postal Inspection Service
What was the Florida case that exemplified the flexibility and wide discretion that the trial judge has in matters of scientific inquiry?
Coppolino v. State
Which case addressed issues relating to the confrontation clause of the 6th amendment?
Crawford v. Washington
